Neolithic Vs Paleolithic

Life changed dramatically between the Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Paleolithic is the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2. 5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used. The Paleolithic Period was also called the Old Stone Age. Neolithic is the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. The Neolithic Period was also called the New Stone Age. The Neolithic Revolution was the world's first traditionally, provable revolution in agriculture.It involved the wide-scale change of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to agriculture as well as settlement, which supported larger population. Important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Although life changed dramatically between these two times there are still some similarities and differences amongst them. Paleolithic and Neolithic times have a lot of things in common. Both of these times were dependent on natural resources. In Paleolithic times they moved with food supply.In Neolithic times they used need water and good soil for crops. Paleolithic and Neolithic both had a government. In Paleolithic times the males ruled the families. In Neolithic times there was a Chief with council. Both of Paleolithic and Neolithic times had a religion. They had religions, which meant they believe in life after death. Socially in both time period’s men hunted and farmed and women gathered. Neolithic and Paleolithic periods had technology. For Paleolithic they used stone tools, and in Neolithic they had farming, baking and firing pottery, specialized tools, and bronze tools and weapons.Both Paleolithic and Neolithic evolved. As found in Document 2 during Paleolithic times the Ice Age forced man to move and change. Mankind was forced to depend less on plants and animals. In Neolithic they farmed allowing them to settle in one place, which gave them time to develop settlements and new trades. Also both of these periods had accomplishments. In the Paleolithic Age they developed language, controlled fire and made and used tools. In the Neolithic Age they accomplished making the wheel, and farming.Although there are many similarities between Paleolithic and Neolithic times there are still several difference between them as well. One difference is that Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age and Neolithic the new Stone Age. Another difference that is found in Document 1, was that Paleolithic tools were used for hunting; they were heavy and basic whereas, Neolithic tools were used for clearing land and farming; they where sharper, lighter, more variety, and polished. The main difference between these â€Å"tool kits† is the purpose they were used for.Paleolithic man was a nomad, food gatherer, and a hunter. Neolithic men settled as found in Document 3. The people were agriculturist, who domesticate animals, and grew a variety of crops. The houses of Paleolithic ma n were skin tents or caves. The houses of Neolithic man were made of mud, wood and thatch. The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages also have differences in the form of artwork. As found in the Document 4 the Paleolithic Age they had cave paintings showing the hunting of a larger animal and the danger of hunting. As found in Document 5 the Neolithic Age they domesticated plants and animals.In the Paleolithic Era, plants were used for medicines and food. Animals were used for hunting. However, in the Neolithic Era, plants were used for food in the New Stone Age, however, the difference was that plants were grown on farms. Animals were used for domestication as well as other purposes. Document 5 also displays another difference between the Paleolithic Era and Neolithic Era. Their artworks are very different from one another. In the Paleolithic Era they had paintings of cows, and they had small portable art. Their art is also represented by cave wall drawings.In the Neolithic Era they had me galiths and 3-D art. They were represented by structures and sculptures. These different artworks show change between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. The Neolithic Era was more advanced because based on their artwork it seemed they were harder to build, more complex and took more time. The diets of these two periods were also different. The Paleolithic man consisted of meat, fruits, berries and wild grain. Neolithic man had dairy products like milk, cheese, meat and grains like wheat, barley and rice.The clothing for Paleolithic man was made of animal skins and leaves, while Neolithic man made clothes of cotton wool. In the Paleolithic age there was no specialized occupation. As found in Document 3, in Neolithic age there was division of labor, and some specialization occupations so that that there was more variation of crafts like carpentry, weaving and pottery. In Document 6 it shows that the Neolithic architecture was different then Paleolithic architecture because the Neolithic architecture had settlements and villages while the Paleolithic architecture did not.Finally due to the invention of agriculture, farming and the wheel in the New Stone Age there where many revolutionary changes and progress that came upon man’s life, which was nonexistent in the Old Stone Age. In both Paleolithic and Neolithic times there were many events that helped change their way of life. If it weren’t for those events, today would not have been the same. For example the Paleolithic people invented fire. The fire helped the Paleolithic people move into colder regions, protected them animals, and helped them with their cook their food.The Neolithic people invented weaving, pottery, metalworking, and the wheel. They also discovered agriculture. Because of agriculture people can now farm instead of hunting and gathering. This permitted and allowed people to settle down and live in one place, which led to settlements. Because people settled they now lived closer to o ther, this allowed them to start using communication. This later developed into language. Also past experiences have led up to the structure of the Neolithic house. For example in Document 6, it says how discarded items, such as bits of pottery, were pilled around each house.This was to keep harsh North Sea winds from blowing through the stonewall through small gaps. This is an example of experience. Document 2 shows how the Ice Age changed the way of living, especially hunting. Because of the Ice Age it forced man to depend less on plants and more on animals. This event caused man to make adaptations to survive. All in all important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Even though these two time periods were very far apart and had a dramatic change in life these two times still have similarities and differences amongst them.There were similarities in government, religion, social, technology, and evolution. There were differences in a rchitecture, diets, artwork, tools, dwellings, clothes and lifestyle. The events in the Paleolithic Era led up to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was the transformation that reformed people from being hunter gathers into being farmers. Because of the Neolithic Revolution, our world is the way it is. Both Eras had different drives and commitments to strive, but at the end of the day they’re foremost objective and aim was to survive. Neolithic Vs Paleolithic Life changed dramatically between the Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Paleolithic is the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2. 5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used. The Paleolithic Period was also called the Old Stone Age. Neolithic is the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. The Neolithic Period was also called the New Stone Age. The Neolithic Revolution was the world's first traditionally, provable revolution in agriculture.It involved the wide-scale change of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to agriculture as well as settlement, which supported larger population. Important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Although life changed dramatically between these two times there are still some similarities and differences amongst them. Paleolithic and Neolithic times have a lot of things in common. Both of these times were dependent on natural resources. In Paleolithic times they moved with food supply.In Neolithic times they used need water and good soil for crops. Paleolithic and Neolithic both had a government. In Paleolithic times the males ruled the families. In Neolithic times there was a Chief with council. Both of Paleolithic and Neolithic times had a religion. They had religions, which meant they believe in life after death. Socially in both time period’s men hunted and farmed and women gathered. Neolithic and Paleolithic periods had technology. For Paleolithic they used stone tools, and in Neolithic they had farming, baking and firing pottery, specialized tools, and bronze tools and weapons.Both Paleolithic and Neolithic evolved. As found in Document 2 during Paleolithic times the Ice Age forced man to move and change. Mankind was forced to depend less on plants and animals. In Neolithic they farmed allowing them to settle in one place, which gave them time to develop settlements and new trades. Also both of these periods had accomplishments. In the Paleolithic Age they developed language, controlled fire and made and used tools. In the Neolithic Age they accomplished making the wheel, and farming.Although there are many similarities between Paleolithic and Neolithic times there are still several difference between them as well. One difference is that Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age and Neolithic the new Stone Age. Another difference that is found in Document 1, was that Paleolithic tools were used for hunting; they were heavy and basic whereas, Neolithic tools were used for clearing land and farming; they where sharper, lighter, more variety, and polished. The main difference between these â€Å"tool kits† is the purpose they were used for.Paleolithic man was a nomad, food gatherer, and a hunter. Neolithic men settled as found in Document 3. The people were agriculturist, who domesticate animals, and grew a variety of crops. The houses of Paleolithic ma n were skin tents or caves. The houses of Neolithic man were made of mud, wood and thatch. The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages also have differences in the form of artwork. As found in the Document 4 the Paleolithic Age they had cave paintings showing the hunting of a larger animal and the danger of hunting. As found in Document 5 the Neolithic Age they domesticated plants and animals.In the Paleolithic Era, plants were used for medicines and food. Animals were used for hunting. However, in the Neolithic Era, plants were used for food in the New Stone Age, however, the difference was that plants were grown on farms. Animals were used for domestication as well as other purposes. Document 5 also displays another difference between the Paleolithic Era and Neolithic Era. Their artworks are very different from one another. In the Paleolithic Era they had paintings of cows, and they had small portable art. Their art is also represented by cave wall drawings.In the Neolithic Era they had me galiths and 3-D art. They were represented by structures and sculptures. These different artworks show change between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. The Neolithic Era was more advanced because based on their artwork it seemed they were harder to build, more complex and took more time. The diets of these two periods were also different. The Paleolithic man consisted of meat, fruits, berries and wild grain. Neolithic man had dairy products like milk, cheese, meat and grains like wheat, barley and rice.The clothing for Paleolithic man was made of animal skins and leaves, while Neolithic man made clothes of cotton wool. In the Paleolithic age there was no specialized occupation. As found in Document 3, in Neolithic age there was division of labor, and some specialization occupations so that that there was more variation of crafts like carpentry, weaving and pottery. In Document 6 it shows that the Neolithic architecture was different then Paleolithic architecture because the Neolithic architecture had settlements and villages while the Paleolithic architecture did not.Finally due to the invention of agriculture, farming and the wheel in the New Stone Age there where many revolutionary changes and progress that came upon man’s life, which was nonexistent in the Old Stone Age. In both Paleolithic and Neolithic times there were many events that helped change their way of life. If it weren’t for those events, today would not have been the same. For example the Paleolithic people invented fire. The fire helped the Paleolithic people move into colder regions, protected them animals, and helped them with their cook their food.The Neolithic people invented weaving, pottery, metalworking, and the wheel. They also discovered agriculture. Because of agriculture people can now farm instead of hunting and gathering. This permitted and allowed people to settle down and live in one place, which led to settlements. Because people settled they now lived closer to o ther, this allowed them to start using communication. This later developed into language. Also past experiences have led up to the structure of the Neolithic house. For example in Document 6, it says how discarded items, such as bits of pottery, were pilled around each house.This was to keep harsh North Sea winds from blowing through the stonewall through small gaps. This is an example of experience. Document 2 shows how the Ice Age changed the way of living, especially hunting. Because of the Ice Age it forced man to depend less on plants and more on animals. This event caused man to make adaptations to survive. All in all important events significantly changed the way of life between Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Even though these two time periods were very far apart and had a dramatic change in life these two times still have similarities and differences amongst them.There were similarities in government, religion, social, technology, and evolution. There were differences in a rchitecture, diets, artwork, tools, dwellings, clothes and lifestyle. The events in the Paleolithic Era led up to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was the transformation that reformed people from being hunter gathers into being farmers. Because of the Neolithic Revolution, our world is the way it is. Both Eras had different drives and commitments to strive, but at the end of the day they’re foremost objective and aim was to survive.

Mandigo Should Kids Play Tackle Football? Essay

Football is a contact sport; a fast-paced, hard-hitting game. It is the number one sports Americans love. The American football players in the NFL started off playing the sport they love at a young age. As of 2015, 1.23 million boys from the ages of six to twelve, played football as their sport. Most of America’s youth boys go into playing football with the mindset of excelling into the NFL. However, they should be aware of the dangerous repercussions that will follow while playing football. Every week thousands of men and boys across the country take part in football and every week these men and boys receive violent hits during the game. Frequently, because of these violent hits, the player receives a concussion. However, the long-term effects of concussions on players are not fully understood. New research shows that even a slight concussion in a football game can have lasting effects on a player. As a result of this research, children under the age of fourteen should not pl ay tackle football. There’s no question, football is the most popular spectator sport in the United States. Over one-third of the country tunes in for the Super Bowl. Despite the sport’s immense popularity, many parents are hesitant to let their children play it given the obvious injury risk. While there is a risk of injury — like any other sport — letting your child play football might not be as crazy as it sounds. Football at its core is not a soft sport, and contact is a pertinent aspect of the game. There is a literal and figurative lesson being taught: When you get knocked down, you must get back up. Football also teaches children to have fun; it’s a fun sport played by boys who also are there for fun. Yes, these facts are true. Football can be fun and it is indeed not a soft sport but that’s more reason why children shouldn’t play tackle football. It’s all fun and games until a ten-year-old boy receives a fatal concussion and can no longer pl ay football. Most of the deaths attributed to concussions from playing football are older boys and men. However, David Sumner a ten-year-old from Simi Valley, California died from head injuries sustained while playing football. He collapsed on the field and an autopsy later revealed he suffered an acute subdural hematoma. An acute subdural hematoma in football is rare, but it does happen. Children are more susceptible because of the size of their head and because their brain is still developing. Tackle football is dangerous and children are the most venerable to concussions received in the game. In recent years, a large quantity of research has been conducted on head injuries and concussions. Dr. Robert Cantu, the director of Boston University’s Center for the study of Traumatic Encephalopathy has been a leader in this research. He describes a concussion as, â€Å"shaking of the brain inside the skull that changes the alertness of the injured person†. A concussion can range from rel atively mild to very profound. Until recently there were very few guidelines to help players and coaches diagnose a concussion. In fact, a football player was encouraged to just shake it off and go back in the game. But with the new understanding of what happens to the brain when a player receives a concussion, a player must be removed from the game after sustaining a concussion. Concussions can seriously affect a football player’s health. Especially a child under the age of fourteen – their brain is still developing – can be the most dangerous thing for them. Football doesn’t just cause dangerous outcomes for the players but, it can cause the players to be dangerous. Take Ray Rice for instance. He was a beloved running back football player for the Baltimore Ravens. He had millions of fans going to games to watch him play against other teams. He was even soon to be married to his fiancà ©e Janay Palmer. Yet, everything came to a halt when he physically assaulted her in an elevator. Ray Rice beat his wife-to-be. It was disgusting, abhorrent, and unforgivable. NFL players suffer repeated blows to the head every Sunday. A star player like Rice will get tackled hundreds of times every year. And there is evidence to suggest that all those hits to the brain may increase the propensity to commit domestic violence. Brian O’Connor o f Futures Without Violence told Forbes Magazine, â€Å"NFL players are taught to be aggressive; they deal with all kinds of high-pressure stressors and triggers†, O’Connor pointed out, from a career that plays out on national TV to the possibility of getting cut from a team without a guaranteed salary. There’s no debate that football itself changes the brains of its players. The NFL has admitted to it. The sport’s head injuries have long-lasting consequences — and may even alter personalities in the short term. NFL players are about four times more likely to be arrested for domestic abuse than you’d expect, based on their overall arrest rates. Counting Ray Rice, more than two-dozen pro football players have been arrested for domestic abuse in the past five years alone (FiveThirtyEight.com). Children aspiring to reach the NFL, and those who do get into the NFL, are at a possibility to be domestically violent. Football is teaching children to be aggressive and not in a good way. The smallest thing could trigger them, like nagging, and it could cause them to physically lash out at someone. It’s better to prevent a child from being domestically violent now than being too late and they become like Ray Rice. Football is a great sport to watch, but not to play. Children under the age of fourteen should not play tackle football. Evidence has been shown that they are prone to get little to fatal concussions, and could become domestically violent if they still aspire to go into the NFL. The brain is still developing for children under the age of fourteen. Having them play football is dangerous for them. They could simply sprain their ankle or die at a young age. Or, even worse, get arrested at twenty-seven for beating their significant other in an elevator. Parents of children who want to play tackle football, take these factors into consideration. These factors will be the result of your child’s future if you let them play tackle football. Save your child from the dangerous repercussions of sport and do not let them play tackle football.

Brand Name Essay

Today I’m going to talk about quality of products which we are buying and their price. I will dive into some matters which are most important for us when we have to make a choice what to choose and buy. First of all and I think prime aspect in our decision is quality of the product which is tied up with price. It is said that â€Å"you get what you pay for† and I think it’s 100% truth. When we want to buy something reliable and long-lasting we can’t economise on it because if we do, we will regret our decision some time later. We all know that half of the world is delighted of still spreading Chinese market. â€Å"Same products for half price or even less† or â€Å"Replica of original product but without margin† – these are some words of Chinese market enthusiasts. It’s nothing further from the truth. Ok, we can buy some products confusingly similar to originals but only on first glance. Fakes quality is really poor and it is impossible for them to last even half time of original products. Secondly, nothing but the brand. A lot of people buy clothes only because it’s Louis Vuitton, Burberry or Ralph Lauren, boots because it’s Jimmy Choo’s or Louboutin or electronics from Apple and some of them are paying only for the trademark but the rest is conscious that if they pay more they will have not only original product with signature that everybody will recognize but also best quality product. It’s not accidental that some brands are more expensive then other, they have renown built for long years confirmed by best quality and that’s why these brands products are value for money. Generally the best and well-known brands were established 50, 100 or even more years in the past. Thirdly, there are some other aspects which are leading us to decision like country of origin which is important for patriots and Chinese opponents. And next thing is our habits, we are still buying the same product without looking if it’s quality is still good but we get used to buying it. Summing up, we can say that the most important factors which have big influence on our decisions are price and quality but I think we can’t unanimously tell whose the â€Å"winner†. In my opinion quality beats other  factors and in the end I will only repeat the sentence which explains everything â€Å"You get what you pay for†.

Hire With your Head Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hire With your Head - Essay Example Additionally, there are also legal costs and ethical considerations any organization might face due to a poor hiring process. It, therefore, is imperative to make the process as perfect as possible through asking the right question, testing the correct skills and ascertaining the best qualifications. In ordinary situations, finding good people that match expectations prove difficult. As a result, most organizations stumble to the ground despite having qualified individuals (Alder 178). All these problems point back to the hiring process, which might be expensive with regards to opportunity and money. In this light, the paper takes a deep insight at chapter 6 of Lou Alder’s book Hire with your head. †¢ Evidently, Lou Alder is a senior corporate executive experienced in finding, evaluating, hiring and assimilating new employees into the work environment. Through his book Hire with your head, a systematic approach prevails for discovering and bringing on board new employees of exceptional skills and productivity. Notably, the hiring process is complicated by Alders book simplifies the continuous process. †¢ Interviewers often mistake the first candidates and approve them for the strategic positions. In essence, Alder regards, these simple mistakes as serious hiring problems that retain the wrong candidates while the right candidates face expulsion. The first interview is an avenue for collecting information and not a decision-making platform. Any interview that induces choice of options at the first stage stagnates or change the hiring process.

Border security issues (week 1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Border security issues (week 1) - Essay Example Such sense of loyalty is the reason that contributes to people’s desire to manipulate the impression they want from others. There are a few advantages that come from exposing a friend or family member of actions that seem morally wrong. For example, if a wife discovers that her husband sexually abuses one of their children, she may find this an extremely difficult choice make, whether to report him to the police or not. Exposing such an offender to the authorities would be the right thing to do for her children because failure to do it could lead to another assault. A friend who exposes his or her friend for bullying others provides a clear step towards eliminating other bullies in schools or societies. Under the law, a parent has the duty to protect the children. The court may view it as a crime when a parent fails to take reasonable steps to protect the children. The advantage of exposing the offender in both cases is that the party reporting is not liable for the crime. Exposing a person on the wrong also provides the person who reported with a sense of control of the situation. The problem with exposing a friend or a family member of their wrong doing is that it is traumatizing for cases where there is a victim involved in an assault. In cases where the report needs to go to a trial, a lot of information comes out and both parties may not want confidential matters becoming a public matter. Exposing a person who has committed a wrong does not necessarily mean that the person gets punished or in other cases sued (Richards & Swanger, 2006). It is frustrating to see that no one may respond to the problem as one

Racism and Discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism and Discrimination - Research Paper Example Racial discrimination, on the other hand, refers to the illegal expression of racism towards a particular group, according to the Council of Europe (2009). It entails intentional malicious acts meant to demean another one based on his or her race. Racial harassment is one type of racial discrimination, according to Kassimeris (2009). This may be manifested through acts of name-calling, direct insults, bad comments that lower someone’s dignity. Racism and discrimination are particularly strong in countries that are diverse, such as the United States and Canada. Canada, for instance, is a multi-ethnic country and is among many countries that have witnessed some of the worst racial discriminations in the past. Canada reportedly has over 200 ethnic groups with the visible minority accounting for about 13% of Canada’s total population (Appadurai, 2012). Reports also show that approximately 18% of Canadians are foreign-born. Reports indicate that racial discrimination in Canada has mainly been directed towards non-native Canadians, particularly immigrants (Appadurai, 2012). In this regard, a report shows that many immigrants in Canada have faced all manners of racial discrimination in the past. Reports indicates that many Canadian immigrants and minority ethnic groups have faced a high degree of racial discrimination in the past, in which some have been tortured to death because of their racial backgrounds (Kassimeris, 2009). The discrimination mainly comes from the fact that the non-Canadian races are being perceived as primitive people who do not deserve to live together with the white Canadians. It is said that the violence of 1907 in Vancouver was mainly race based, according to Adams (2008). During this violence, it is reported that a mob of white Canadians violently attacked Japanese and Chinese ethnic communities in Canada. This racially motivated violence left several Chinese and Japanese ethnic communities dead with property worth millions of dollars destroyed (Appadurai, 2012). In another incident during World War II, several Japanese Canadians were incarcerated and their property seized by white Canadians that were fighting them out of the country based on their racial background. Reports also indicated that members of Asian community were beaten up and harassed by native Canadians in Toronto in the 1970s (Seltzer & Johnson, 2009). This incident shows how racial discrimination has been rife in Canada. When we talk of racial discrimination, what also comes into mind is the kind of racial discrimination that African Americans have had to face in the U.S. This is because African Americans are arguably the race that has faced one of the worst racial abuse occurrences in the world. In the U.S., apart from being subjected to hard labor on white settlers’ land, they were also being harassed and beaten to death, according to Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010). They were also denied certain rights purely on their racial backgrounds. This was based on the fact that African Americans were being perceived by white Americans as primitive people that should be segregated from the rest of society. For example, it is reported that segregation laws were passed in the U.S. during the Jim Crow era, which resulted in segregation of public facilities in which African Americans were barred from attending public facilities meant for their white counterparts. In this regard, any black American found to disobey such a law was to be executed by white Americans. An example can be seen when at one time an African was forced to leave the front seat of a bus to a white American, which triggered riots and boycott of public transport by African

Antr1007wk3w15 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Antr1007wk3w15 - Essay Example They sought to pacify the â€Å"savages† by converting them to Christianity and many felt sincerely that this was what God wanted them to do. However they were not conscious of the negative effects this had on their culture. They acquired land from the Indians by negotiating treaties in exchange for services and products such as medical although many treaties were broken when the Europeans felt they had sufficient power to overcome any Indian resistance. When Canada became a country in 1867 this paternalistic attitude was continued by the federal government as it organized the remaining Indian population, decimated by war with the invaders and deadly European diseases, under the Indian Act. In keeping with the government’s paternalistic attitude, they micromanaged Indian life under the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs with no input from the aboriginals.(Hanson) This authority has ranged from overreaching political control such as imposing government structures on Indian communities in the form of land councils to control over the rights of Indians to practice their culture and traditions. The Indian Act has also enabled the government to determine the land base of these groups in the form of reserves and even define who qualifies as an Indian in the form of Indian status. Although reserve Indians do not have to pay federal taxes, they do not have the right to vote in federal elections. The original Indian Act was passed in 1876 as a consolidation of the Gradual Civilization Act and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act. The primary aim of this legislation was to do away with the tribal system and assimilate Indians with other inhabitants of Canada as the melt ing pot theory in the US until recently attempted to assimilate immigrants. The primary difference of course is that in Canada the Indians, although in the minority, were the original inhabitants and the Europeans the immigrants. In any

KNOW HOW HUMAN RESOURCES ARE MANAGED Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

KNOW HOW HUMAN RESOURCES ARE MANAGED - Assignment Example This description generally offers comprehensive information about the duties, purpose, scope, responsibilities and the working conditions of that particular job during the term or time period. The job description also offers information about the designation of the person whom the potential candidate is supposed to report for the duration of the job. In addition to that, he is offered all this information before the commencement of the interview regarding the job. When the employers are looking for filling up a specific post in their organization, they are looking for various qualities pertaining to that specific post. Take an example, if the employers are looking for filling the post of General Manager for a consumer products company. The first quality they look for is the management degree in that specific area. The second quality they look for is the experience in a similar company for 6-7 years. Also, they look for various personal skills such as team player, communication skills, flexibility, their initiative or record of management (Legace, 2007). Employment contract can be broadly defined as the contract between the employer and the employee that spells out the particulars and understanding between both parties regarding all matters and protect both parties in event of any issue (Withrow, 2015). There are many key features of the employment contract such as length of the contract, nature of compensation, specifics of the job, type of performance, position of both parties, benefits and other elements and most important, procedure regarding termination of contact and its terms. The skilled and experienced human resource plays a vital role in progress of any organization. So, these organizations do their best to attract the best candidates (Baird & Meshoulam, 1988). There are many methods with which any organization can attract the potential candidates. Some of them are salaries, bonuses, incentives and stock options, increasing facilities in the

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system Essay

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system - Essay Example e American public to the existence of central bank resulted in the failure of two banks in 1811 (First Bank of United States) and 1836 (Second Bank of United States) (Mishkin & Eakins). Since the aim of establishing these two banks was to police the banking function, therefore, their failure caused problems for American financial markets because of the unavailability of lender of last resort. As a result bank panics were seen frequently during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, the panic of 1907 and the loss to depositors convinced the public regarding the importance of central bank system in an economy. Even after being convinced, the fear of the American public opposed the establishment of a centralized authority or central bank (Bank of England). Moreover, the fears were also seen about the interference of government in the affairs of private banks. The major disagreement was that whether central bank should be a private bank or a government body. Finally the disagreement ended with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 with its 12 regional Federal Reserve banks. Congress wrote the detailed system of checks and balances into this Act. To diffuse power along the regional lines, between government and private sector, business community and public, the formal structure of Federal Reserve System was defined. Following are the four entities of Federal Reserve System. In addition, more than 3000 commercial banks are the members of Federal Reserve System. Mishkin and Eakins (2007) systematically highlight the relationship between these entities and three policy tools of Fed. The current European Central Bank was founded as a result of a treaty between European Central Bank and European System of Central Banks in 1999. Based in Frankfurt, Germany, European Central Bank consists of Executive board including president, vice president and four members and Policy group including executive group and governors of central banks from 11 member countries. The

Section 5 paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Section 5 paraphrase - Essay Example According to the t-test, there was no gender impact on the attendance when the transport was provided (.123). The relevance of the test given comfortable seats was slightly relevant when comparing the mean of men and women on a 5-point scale, which was 3.03 and 3.47 respectively. As illustrated in the presented data, most of the female participants neither agreed nor disagreed, but there were a few answers in the slightly agree category. Notably, the mens answers for the same were; neither agreed nor disagree for the whole test. It is essential to note that the description for the question of the likelihood of attending the game based on the schedule was similar for men and women. In response, the women’s mean answer had a score of 3.65 which translate to a neither agree nor disagree with a few elements of slightly agree. On the contrary, men had a score of 2.91 which interpret into a slightly disagree with a few elements of neither agree nor disagree. The chart illustrates SPSS the values of the possibility of respondent attending a SCSU softball game as influenced by three factors: availability of transportation to and from the games, knowing the game schedule, and the availability of comfortable seats. Evaluation of the potential differences in the likelihood of attending a softball match at the Husky Dome based on four variables events during the game breaks, awareness of the schedule, promotional giveaways, and availability of concessions, in relation to student status. As shown in Chart 5.1, the Levenes test for the possibility to attend a game at the Husky Dome based on student status was irrelevant for the four variables. Specifically, the variables for this experiment were awareness of the game, promotional giveaways, concession stands, and events during breaks in the game. Using the t-test, we identified the significance of student status and the prospect to attend the game for each of the four variables. In relation to the

The Efficacy of Counseling with Native Americans Essay

The Efficacy of Counseling with Native Americans - Essay Example In this paper, an assessment of possibilities that contribute to certain observable counseling efficacy values among Native Americans is made. The challenges faced by this ethnic group will be used to create the link that counseling process seeks to establish in the discourse. Four questions attempting to answer issues touching on unique historical perspectives, counseling process complexities, cultural interaction issues and spirituality are used in the design. The research reveals that it’s necessary for therapists to consider Native American cultural history when establishing the counseling process. The research also details a number of specific actions that should be considered, including linguistic and body language elements that aid the counseling process. The counselors must also be aware of their own biases in relation to the client. Finally, it’s indicated that the incorporation of Native American spirituality could greatly aid the therapist in the counseling p rocess. The Efficacy of Counseling with Native Americans Introduction The context of Native Americans is created with an understanding of the ethnic group’s history and cultural setting. ... However, very little information is available regarding the Native American suffering at the hands of slave masters, when compared with the famous African slave trade. The sensitive developments that the political arena in the United States exposed this group to are still fresh in the memories of a majority of the Americans, which brings nasty reactions among them. Cases of rejection, neglect and discrimination from certain sections of their aggressors appear in the broader image of a Native American. For counseling clients with such a historical background, it becomes difficult to appreciate the impact of counseling in confronting such challenges, unless a bold journey is taken to discover such a past acting as an impediment to the counseling process. How do historical injustice and modern racial discrimination issues affect counseling processes among Native Americans? To shed more light on the tumultuous historical background that the Native Americans have had to experience would p erhaps facilitate an understanding that would assist therapists to carry out a comprehensive counseling process. As briefly observed above, scars of mistreatment in the hands of foreign aggression by the European-backed slave trade would perhaps act as one of the biggest hindrances to successful therapy. Due to a rich cultural heritage and traditional cohesion practices that bound this â€Å"minority† group, roots of bitter past must haunt them in the hands of public mistreatment and racial discrimination. According to Trabich (1997), there must be some form of remnant heritage that has facilitated passing on of old wounds to the current Native American community to bear witness of untold atrocities that were committed against them.

Tobacco Company Strategies Towards Health Awareness Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Company Strategies Towards Health Awareness Essay Threats faced by the tobacco company is the raise of awareness on the hazard of smoking and the big increament in taxes. The awareness campaign usually came from the local government which tax is paid to. On the other hand, number of smokers keep on rising each day eventhough the proggresive campaign towards the awareness of hazards of smoking. Several resistance towards the development of tobacco company. Like wise, the company has to raise the good image of their company. By doing this, the bad image as a tobacco company which lead to unhealthy life style will be reduce. They tried to emerged with a lot of positive approach towards the effort on banning smoking in public area. The world tobacco industry generated sales of almost $721 billion in 2010 according to analyst. Cigarettes represent the leading market segment with revenue exceeding $681 billion, which accounts for almost 95% of the overall market. The yearly rate of market growth is expected to accelerate to be 4. 5% until 2015, bringing the market to almost $890 billion. The tobacco market involves the retail of tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and chewing tobacco. There are currently around 1. billion smokers in the world; this figure is expected to climb at a rate of almost 4% per year. Tobacco is grown in over 120 countries worldwide, using close to 4 million hectares of total agricultural land available globally. Around 12 million cigarettes are smoked every minute around the world. Around 35% of men in developed nations smoke, compared with 50% of men in developing nations. Abou t 22% of women smoke in developed nations, compared with less than 10% in developing nations. Cigarettes represent the largest share of the tobacco market in sales volume and value. Though consumption levels have fallen, the absolute number of smokers has been climbing along with the global population and disposable incomes, reports Global Industry Analysts. China is the largest regional market for cigarettes. Cigars do not generate the same sales or sell in the same high volume as cigarettes. In a more recent trend, the social cachet attached to cigars has been boosting sales. As consumers become more health conscious, they are opting for cigars for their lower level of harm to health. Cigarillos, which are cigars that way less than three grams, represent the market segments recording the most rapid growth. In the past, cigars have been much less marketed than cigarettes, associated with a different demographic (that of the older male), and have not been paid much promotional attention by companies. Advertising of cigars is on the rise, along with aromatic filter varieties, which appeal more to younger and female demographics, and there are increasing numbers of tobacco-only stores in operation. The three leading companies in the global tobacco market are Philip Morris International, China National Tobacco Corporation and Japan Tobacco. Philip Morris International is the world’s largest tobacco company, which sells its products in 180 countries, and held a 16% stake in the international market outside of the US in 2010. Excluding China, the company holds almost 28% of the global market. As tobacco consumption in developed countries declines due to health awareness, tobacco companies are concentrating more on developing countries, including Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. The industry is focusing its efforts on advertising strategies such as offering low-risk products and re-launching existing products to attract female consumers. More recent product offerings include cigarettes flavored with mint, citrus, and vanilla, and low-risk products with reduced toxins and carcinogens or free of nicotine. The global tobacco industry continues to struggle with negative publicity due to health concerns, high taxes, and state regulations. Once seen as a social pass time, smoking is now perceived as anti-social and damaging to health, causing premature deaths and lunch cancer. Companies are now required to include health warnings on their product labels and are no longer allowed to undertake marketing campaigns. For example in America, the tobacco industry has funded state initiatives that provide resources to help smokers quit smoking as per the  Master Settlement Agreement  regulated by the U. S. government. For example,  Phillip Morris  USA operates a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quit Assist†Ã‚  website that acts as a guide for those who choose to quit smoking. Companies and organizations can sponsor events, programs, festivals, performances, individuals, groups, teams, equipment and/or facilities, by providing financial support for activities, promotions and services. Sponsorship refers to the donation of money, services or in-kind support in exchange for recognition of the donation (e. g. , being listed as a â€Å"sponsor† of an event, production or competition). Many companies, including tobacco companies, engage in sponsorship for the purpose of promoting a product or a cause, supporting a needy group, establishing name recognition for a company or brand, earning publicity for a â€Å"good deed,† or building an image for a company, organization or product.

Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) Structure

Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) Structure 2.0 OVERVIEW OF LAHORE ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY (LESCO) PAKISTAN 2.1 History The electricity supply service in Pakistan, initially, was undertaken by different agencies, both in public and private sectors in different areas. In order to provide for the unified and coordinated development of the water and power resources, Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) was created through WAPDA Act, 1958. In 1994, Government of Pakistan approved the strategic plan of restructuring and privatization of power sector. As a result, power wing of WAPDA was unbundled into twelve companies for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) was formed in March, 1998 with the aim of commercialization and eventually privatization. 2.2 Region-wise Segmentation LESCO holds the Distribution license from National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) to supply electricity in the areas that covers Civil Districts of Lahore, Kasur, Okara and Sheikupura. It serves over 2,000,000 customers 24 hours a day, 365 days per annum. In order to provide un-interrupted electric supply and quality service to customers, LESCO has divided its jurisdictional area into six distribution operation Circles. 2.3 Organizational Structure According to Balle, M (1996) organizations represent systems, not just structures. They are composed of interdependent people who rely on another for work-someone starts it, someone delivers it to the customer- for relationships and for self-realization. Likewise, in LESCO Superintending Engineer looks after the affairs of the whole Circle as being an incharge through functional/administrative control over various Divisional and Sub-Divisional Engineers including their liaisoning offices (WAPDA, 2000). However, Figure 1 shows the organizational structure of LESCO as being the focus of this study. 3.0 A SUMMARIZED VIEW OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN LESCO As, defined in the mission statement of LESCO that the primary goal is to supply the un-interrupted electricity and quality services to all category of consumers at the minimum possible cost (Mission, 2009). Keeping in view the mission statement, major milestone was set for LESCO Main Computer Centre to computerize electricity billing and collection procedures, which was met through in house development of billing and collection software. A brief note on each of these systems is as follows: 3.1 General Description of Billing System Meter reading and billing are carried out over all available days in a month in a complete cycle process in order to provide service to different categories of customers. Meter reading lists are prepared in advance by LESCO Main Computer Centre Lahore and its sub-centre at Sheikupura, which provide services to Sheikupura Circle only. They are sent to the liaison Divisional Office that is Revenue Office, who arranges for meter readings to be entered on the lists by the meter reading staff in the Sub- Divisional Office, follow up meter readings are prepared manually in Sub-Divisions. After entry of the readings, the meter reading lists are returned to the Revenue Office where the control records over the computer billing are maintained. After entry in the Revenue Office computer Records the meter reading lists are collected together in a batch file for each sub-division. The batch files are then passed to the LESCO Computer Centres on a storage device for further processing. Consumerâ €™s bills are prepared in the Computer Centres and sent to the Revenue Office for distribution to consumers through Bill Distributors, who are under the control of Sub-Divisional Officer (WAPDA, 2000). Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the system. Figure 2— Block Diagram of Billing System Director Customer Services Billing Schedule Computer Centres VAX 4000Server/VMS/COBOL Revenue Office (Computer Section) Printed Reading Lists and other reports Batch files alongiwth updated Meter Reading lists Sub-Divisional Office Printed Reading Lists and other Reports Manually updated Meter Reading Lists MIS Reports Source: Developed for this report The following reports, lists and notices are also forwarded by the Computer Centres to Divisional and Sub-Divisional Engineers for taking appropriate decision/action (WAPDA, 2000): Customers’ assessment list showing the charges on each bill along with running total and also the total number of consumers connected, temporarily disconnected and with equipment removed in each batch. Disconnection notices, which are sent to the consumers, who have not paid their bills by due date. Each Month Computer Centre prepares analysis of energy sales by Tariffs for each feeder, each Sub-Division and Division and analysis of outstanding debts showing arrears by Tariffs and age. Feeder wise line losses for reach Sub-Division 3.2 General Description of Collection System Customers pay their current bills, Demand Notices for new electricity connections and reconnection fee for restoration of disconnected supply to the specified banks and post offices. The bank/post office receives the bill or Demand Notice, enters the receipt on the Banks scroll, and retains the counterfoil. Banks daily sends a copy of bank scroll and counterfoils to the Revenue Office. The Revenue Office Accounts section checks the bill counterfoils to the bank scroll for any discrepancy/error. The scrolls and counterfoils are then sent daily to the LESCO Computer Centres and where each consumer’s payment is processed by the Computer into the Consumers ledger database. The Computer supplies a total of cash posted to each billing batch and total of unidentified cash, new connection/ reconnection fees and other receipts, to reconcile with the total of all bank scroll for each Division. However, in the event of difference not being discovered during this check Computer Centres wi ll process the amount shown on the counterfoils and return the scroll to the Revenue Office for re-checking and verification. Moreover, the bank branch remit the amounts collected to collection account in their local head offices as designated by LESCO and send a copy of the bank statement to the Revenue Office indicating total money received during the week and money remitted to the Head Office Collection Account each week and at the end of each month. The Revenue Office Account Section reconciles the bank statement with the report forwarded by the Computer Centre and sends a copy of reconciliation to the LESCO’s Finance Director (WAPDA, 2000). 3.3 Recent Improvements in the Payment Channels of Collection System Electricity bill payment was very tedious task as customers had to stand outside banks for an extended period of time due to manual procedures of payment. Also, there were issues such as bank timings and delays in remittance processing. Realizing the need to resolve the quality of service to customers, Chief Executive Officer LESCO decided to explore the payment channels. LESCO Computer Centre took the initiative and proposed a plan for starting e-service and printing of machine readable electricity bills. Accordingly, the system was formally launched from March, 1995. At present, 355 branches in LESCO are equipped with this system collecting about 25% of bills. However, the bills are paid at designated bank branches, post office and retail stores as usual, but with a technical difference. The bills are scanned by the cashier using a barcode scanner just like a retail store cashier does for grocery items. With a single scan, all the information encoded in the barcode is instantly tra nsferred to the software. In this way, bank cashiers can generate daily/monthly scrolls and collection summary (Collection, 2009). Figure 3 shows the cashier user-interface of the cash collection software. Also, the customer can deposit electricity bill using LESCO’s website, wherein he/she is required to login by providing his/her unique electricity bill reference number. Thereafter, s/he will enter the debit/credit card information for making the payment, which is then referred to the Card Processor for verification and charging. If the card got validated the amount will be credited to the consumer account and transaction will be committed to the database. And online receipt is provided to the consumer for printing(Collection, 2009). Figure 4 shows the network diagram of current collection system. As, depicted in Figure 4 the collection data from Banks is transferred to online servers on daily basis using a simple internet connection. Alternatively, if no internet connection is available a collection file may be generated and carried on a portable media. Hence, the billing data is uploaded to the online server whenever it experiences any change. Customers are able to access true online web-based services at the company website, which includes the following: Viewing monthly bills Printing duplicate bills Payment Consumption Payment history Account Status 3.4 Payroll Information System Payroll of various departments of LESCO is prepared by the Computer Centre on monthly basis. Master files for officers and staff are maintained separately. Data relating to each employee of a particular department is stored on respective master file. The Payroll Master File contains one record for each employee. The main attributes of payroll data are: Department Code Employee Code Processing Code Name Designation Station Code Pay Account Head Conveyance Allowance Medial Allowance code Income Tax Deduction Union Fund Deduction GPF Number GPF Deduction voluntary contribution National Tax Number Type of Advance Total Amount of Advance Bank Branch Code Bank Account Type The records in the File are maintained sequentially (Sorted on Department Code and Employee Code). Data is received from various departments on prescribed Performas by the coordination section of Computer Centre. The Data coded in these Performas can be New Addition of an employee’s payroll data, a Change in an existing record or deletion of an existing record. Figure 5 shows the Data Flow diagram of the Payroll System. Emp. File Pay Rates Employee Validation Check Compute Gross Produce Cheque Compute. Net Pay Determine Deductions Tax Table Personal Data Account Rerecord Payments and Deductions S.S Data Figure 5— Data Flow Diagram of Payroll System Source: Courtesy of MIS Department, LESCO Data is entered into the Computer through the Entry Machines by the Key Punch Operator. After Entry an edit List is prepared through edit listing program. This List is thoroughly checked by the Data Coordinators with the actual data on input Performas and the punching or coding errors are removed. Any change, addition of new record or deletion of existing record is intimated by the concerned department to Computer Centre on prescribed Performas. Using this data, Master files of officers and staff are updated. After updation, different types of output reports are prepared, which includes: Payroll Listing Listing of different types of schedules Account Head wise Summary Pay Slips Bank Summary Etc Reports are sent to respective departments after through checking. Also, every year in the first week of December when Payroll processing for the month of November has been completed the annual increments are assigned to the Pay of each employee in accordance their respective scale of pay. A Pay Fixation list is prepared prior to the running of Pay Increment step which shows Current Basic Pay with the addition of one increment. This department wise list is sent to each department for checking verification. If any department wants to hold the increment of an employee then the action is taken accordingly. 3.5 Management Reporting Systems At LESCO Computer headquarter; two Alpha 2100 computers equipped with Alpha processors have been installed. These computers are being optimally utilized to assist in timely analysis, generating vital information for the top management. For instance, division-wise computerized receivables reporting and monitoring system providing twenty different arrears analysis reports have been expanded to provide tariff wise information as well. These reports have also been further extended to support monitoring at the sub division level. Moreover, Performance data monitoring report reflecting various types of billing, consumers’ statistics and line losses monitoring system (Technology, 2009). 4.0 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS EMPLOYED BY LESCO Information System (IS) is defined as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization. Importance of information management is highlighted by the fact that in addition to capital, labor and land, primary factors of production also include material, energy and information. As, the world is making a rapid transition from an industrial society to a service-driven economy, information is becoming the catalyst for economic development and change. In view of above, it may be argued that effective Information Systems play a vital and expanding role in business activities, practices and processes. Furthermore, business professionals rely on variety of information systems that uses various Information Technologies, which refers to the various software and hardware components necessary for the system to operate(). In short, computer-based-information system s use the following technologies:- Computer hardware technologies Computer software technologies Telecommunications network technologies Data resource management technologies Moreover, rapid advances in Information Technology (IT) are likely to result in shifts away from traditional role for both the IT professional and the Information users. A new generation of skilled users will participate in the development of mission critical applications and the IT department will move from a centralized repository and control of information into the business function areas as client-server technologies replacing main frames. the 21st century Chief Information Officer (CIO ) will be expected to enhance the value of information at multiple points along the value chain and his/her responsibility will extend far beyond the traditional boundaries of the IT department. Indeed, the CIO will be required to exercise leadership across the width and breadth of the enterprise. From the forgoing discussion, it can fairly be deduced that the role of IT department has moved from one of technical implementation to strategic planning and from reactive support of business to driving innovation and competitive advantage. There is natural decay of business processes over a period of time because systems are designed years ago when both the organization and available technology were very different from today. Likewise, if Billing System of LESCO is analyzed from today’s technology perspective then it has become a legacy system and no more delivering optimal performance and quality service to its internal/external customers due to manual procedures involved. Site-visit reading of residential power , water, and gas meters is a tedious, inconvenient and prone to human error. Moreover, it is not always guaranteed that the consumer will be present when utility personnel visit to read meter readings. It is possible in such case that utility personnel will estimate consumption inaccurately, which later may lead to consumer dissatisfaction. The recent advances in metering technology, mobile networks, and internet services have resulted in the proposal and development of measurement techniques, billing, and energy management systems. As, many utilities are implementing automated meter reading (AMR) systems. In addition to meter reading, AMR can be used in the power restoration process. While others have advanced the concept of AMR systems by proposing potential metering communication services using the wireless mobile public networks for measuring and billing system. 5.0 IT Technology Deployed by LESCO Hardware Components LESCO is using VAX 4000 minicomputers (midrange) for centralized processing of data in various Information Systems. Experts believe that many midrange and mainframe systems have become obsolete by the power and versatility of client/server networks composed of microcomputers and servers. Others industry experts have predicted that the emergence of network computers the on internet and intranets will replace many personal computers, especially in large corporations (). Software technologies Most the software packages for the Information Systems as described above are developed in COBOL structured language. However, modern applications are built in using Object Oriented languages such as Java, C++, and VB.Net etc. Network Technologies As shown in Figure 4, In LESCO mainframe-based network with many end user terminals are deployed for centralized processing of data, which has recently been linked with Application and Online Web server for handling payment channels of customers. Moreover, in Billing and Collection System batch files created in Revenue Office Computer Section are delivered by special messengers on a portable media to LESCO Computer Centers for centralized processing. However, wireless Wide Area Networks (WAN) can be used alongwith client/server technology to handle the geographically distant processing and network communications. Database Technologies LESCO has designed its database structures in COBOL language, which is a traditional flat file system. As, there are many anomalies associated related to management of flat file such as redundancy of data, complex operations for retrieval of reports, more storage, time and cost etc. Whereas, modern Database Management Systems based on relational and object oriented techniques are very efficient and free from such complexities and errors. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Integration of IT and Customer Service E-service provides a unique opportunity for businesses to offer new models for service design strategies and new service development. While e-service has rewritten many of the rules of customer engagement, it has not fundamentally changed the fact that a key component of service delivery is building and maintaining strong customer relationships. What is important therefore, in adopting IT-based computer based customer service functions, is ensuring that the technology used, enhances rather than undermines the relationship between the customer and the company. The interface between customer and company is critical. With specific reference to web-sties, Meister et al (2000), point out that one of the major challenges of e-service is balancing the greater customization, which typically results in more complex Web sites, with a simple, accessible and easy to use Web interface. Also, the companies that keep track of customer’s individual preferences keep up with market trends, supp ly products, services and information anytime, anywhere, and provide customer services tailored to individual needs. And so, Internet technologies can make customers the focal point of customer relationship management (CRM). Today many companies are implementing customer relationship management (CRM) business initiatives and information systems as part of customer focused strategy to improve their chances for success in the contemporary business environment. CRM that uses IT to integrates and automates many of the customer-serving processes in sales, marketing, and customer services, push the company ahead in competition with other competitors. Furthermore, CRM systems include a family of software modules that provides the tools that enable a business and its employees to provide fast, convenient, dependable and consistent service to its customers. E-Service in LESCO A review of the e-service started by LESCO to facilitate the customers regarding electricity bill payment and other allied services reveals that LESCO is at an early stage in the development and implementation of a complete e-service strategy. However, they have taken a radical step to improve the bill payment channels in order to improve the customer services in this respect. As, it has already been discussed that computer based information systems rely on Information Technology. Therefore, a time to time up gradation of the technology employed by LESCO in Information Systems is essential to keep pace with the rapidly changing IT environment. 7.0 REFERENCES Khuller, A., 2006. Quarterly Newsletter of the Sari/Energy Small Grants Program with Support from USAID. Vol. X, April 2006 Available at: http: //www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/WhatWeDo/SmallGrants/ newsletter.asp [Cited: 13 July, 2009] Segmentation, 2009. The Organization,  Available at: http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1000077.asp  [Cited: 13 July, 2009] WAPDA, 2000. WAPDA Book of Commercial Procedures-Computer Billing, Vol. II, 6th Eidition, Nov 2000. WAPDA Printing Press, Lahore. Organogram, 2009. Organization Structure at LESCO Headquarter,  Available at : http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1010001.asp [Cited: 13 July, 2009] Mission, 2009. Mission Statement,  Available at: http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1000086.asp [Cited:13 July, 2009] Collection, 2009. Management Information System,  Available at: http://www.lesco.gov.pk/Organization/1020002.asp [Cited: 13 July,2009] Technology, 2009. Information Technology in WAPDA,  Available at: http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/infotech-index.html [Cited: 13 July,2009] K.C. Laudon J.C.Laudon Management Information System 10th Ed. Pearson International Edition.

Analysis Of Budget Airline Company Indigo Airlines Tourism Essay

Analysis Of Budget Airline Company Indigo Airlines Tourism Essay Indigo airlines are planning to introduce new promotional offers for the potential customers. The aim of the organisation is to increase the current market share by at least 30%.The goal of this marketing plan is to outline a new marketing strategy to attract the potential customers from other airlines, to attract the first time travellers as well. The demographic for the organisation consists people of all age groups with average income and middle class life style. In a recent survey it has been found that in India more than 20% people prefer air travel more than any other transport facility. Due to the sudden increase in the market for airline travel it can be said that it is easy to capitalise on the current image of the firm, however it could be a little difficult to gain competitive advantage in front of the competitors. Quality for the firm is the most important thing so quality can never be compromised with and that is the motto of the firm. 1. Introduction Organization and product Indigo airline is a low cost airlines company operating from India since 2006. It has been very successful in the low cost airlines business from the time they have begun operations. They are one of the market leaders in the low cost airlines service providers and have a very good reputation in the Indian market. The reason for their good reputation is because of their punctuality and the service that they provide. Indigo airlines are currently catering to the needs of the domestic travellers in India and have been flying the sky since 2006. It has gained advantage in the market due to the punctuality and the prices that they offer to the customers. The need for new product offers arise from the increasing market which is growing at a rapid rate. The new offers for the airlines can not only attract potential customers but can also attract the loyal customers of other airlines as it would be very cost effective making it affordable. The award-winning low-fare airline that is redefining the airline business in India bagged the NDTV Profit Business Leadership Award 2009 in the category of Aviation. (ndtv.com) Strategic Plan and Focus To achieve the firms strategic direction, the firms objectives, mission, aims, goals and competitive advantage have been created to offer an image and vanguard for the firms success. In accumulation, to determine the extent of the services and products that are offered by the organisation, and the primary environmental commitment towards nation and the aviation industry, are also important aspects of the companys strategic direction and focus. Mission Statement Indigo airlines aims to become the number one leader in the low cost airline industry of India, offering the best service and ensuring highest standards of quality at low cost to the customer. Goals and Objectives Non- Financial Indigo airlines aim to attain the utmost rank of customer satisfaction in terms of the service and products offered by the firm. The management ensures that the highest standards of quality are in place at every level to ensure 100% customer satisfaction. Financial The financial goal for the firm is to ensure highest rate of return for the investors and the stakeholders and increasing the profit by following steps. Effective costing of products Cost cutting Increasing the market share by 25% Core Competencies / Competitive Advantage The strengths for indigo airline in the current market situation are the price tag of the tickets and the fact that it has been awarded many times in 2009 as one of the best low cost airlines. The recession was extreme and most of the people who were using services from jet airways and kingfisher came down to low cost airlines (financial express).The market almost doubled for the low cost airlines as in the times of recession companies wanted to cut costs so most of -the official travel (Domestic) was done through low cost airlines. Indigo airlines are a low cost airline and because of that when they earned in recession they did not cut down on employees in fact they hired more employees. This gave a better picture and reputation for the airlines. This scenario helped indigo airlines to invest more in their staff skills and there airline operations team which gave them competitive edge over the competition in the market. 2.4. Situational Analysis 2.4.1 SWOT Analysis According to the SWOT analysis there are more opportunities and strengths for indigo rather than weaknesses and threats but in order to increase the market share and stabilize the growth it is important to work on the weaknesses first and keep a strong focus on the opportunities. Strengths Good reputation in the market Skilled staff High profit margin in 2009 as compared to competitors Lower cost of the product as compared to the competitors Weakness Relatively new in the market Lacks in number of flights as compared to the competitors Opportunities High Profit Growth Rapid increase in the market growth Product development Technological advancements Threats Threat of a new entrant Higher growth rate of the market but increase in the competition Market fluctuation . 2.5. Industry Analysis . The market in India for the aviation industry is a growing market. For years Indian aviation industry was being dominated by air India(Indian Aviation Journal2002)..About 15 years back companies like jet airways, air Sahara, spice jet, kingfisher and a few others came into picture. In 2006 august indigo airlines entered the aviation industry. Mentioned below are the current market statistics. Total number of domestic flights in India 8600 Total number of seat increase 1.7 million a year % increase in travellers 12% yearly basis % increase in flights 25% yearly (Source Indian aviation journal2010) 2.6. Competitor Analysis As the airline industry is becoming a big market due to the 12.8% growth of the Indian aviation industry in the last 5 years (Indian Aviation Journal, 2002,).. There are new airlines being introduced as low cost airlines. The biggest competition for indigo airlines is spice jet airlines which have been with indigo for quite some time as the strongest competitor. Spice jet sells more tickets than indigo (Clash of the Titans http://www.articlesnatch.com/topic/Spicejet+Airlines, Date accessed 3rd December 2010). This due to the time span of the two airlines being different, indigo is a 4 year old company where as spice jet has been there for more than 7 years(Spice Jet Industry, http://www.makemytrip.com/flights/spicejet-history.html, Date accessed 3rd December 2010) and is treated as a major in the industry when it comes to low cost airlines. This competition has been going on for quite a lot of time but now as indigo has started making name for itself spice jet is feeling the heat too . . 2.7. Customer analysis The current customer is more aware about the services and the rights, the price and the difference between paying for food. The increasing percentage of people travelling via airplanes every year domestically is increasing this gives a slight idea of the customer requirement. As the demand is increasing at a rapid rate the competition is increasing as well and the customers expectations are rising. 2.8. Key Issues The key issues that can be derived out from the above mentioned are as follows Competition is growing day by day not only the competitor The market is changing like never before Introduction of a new service is a mandate Indigo needs to market itself in the new generation Ansoff Matrix Ansoff matrix is a tool which determines the growth of an organisation and its strategy for the related growth. http://www.mrdashboard.com/images/Ansoff_Matrix_Excel.png (Source Google images) Market penetration. According to the ansoff matrix indigo airlines will target the potential customer which is travelling through trains and at the same time the current customer database to penetrate the market .The scope of marketing current product in the new market is considered to be high risk however by adding value in the current product reduces the risk. This will be by offering 10% discount for the next visit. It will enhance the chances of increasing the customer base. Porters five forces 4.1. Rivalry Indigo airlines entered the market in 2006 and there were very strong competitors in the market then. The direct rivalry between indigo airlines and spice jet airlines has been very popular in the Indian media as both the airlines started somewhat at the same time. Indigo airlines have reached competitive advantage over spice jet due to its price tag of the air tickets. By adding the promotional scheme indigo airlines will not only gain advantage over spice jet but can also attract the customer data base that spice jet posses. 4.2. Threats of Substitute The threat of substitute in porters model is considered to be a substitute product from another industry. For indigo airlines it is not really something that they have to worry about. This is because as the airlines were a threat to train system in India and no other substitute could be provided to the customers besides airlines. It is the fastest way of travelling as the country does not possess any water transportation being covered from sea on the three sides. 4.3. Buyer Power The buyer power is strong in the Indian market as the competition is very strong the buyer has more options then what it used to be about ten years back. To weaken the buyer power indigo airlines from the very beginning kept the prices of its tickets comparatively lower then what the other competitors were offering. 4.4. Supplier power The supplier power in the Indian aviation industry is weak especially for indigo airlines. Indigo airlines have maintained a very strong relationship with the travel agents and travel websites due to which the airlines have not really felt the heat from the suppliers side. Due to the direct relationship between the travel agents and airlines the customer is a bit weak and that shortens the authority of the supplier. 4.5. Threat of A New Entrant The airline industry in India is growing and this is one of the reasons there can be new entrants in the market that can cause trouble for indigo airlines. The advantage that indigo has in the market is its lowest ticket prices. A new entrant while entering the market has to ensure that the ticket prices are either same or less then what indigo offers. The possibilities of cheaper ticket is a bit difficult to imagine however even if the competitor comes up with cheaper tickets they will have to setup the distribution channel for its products and enhance the services which is difficult and indigo has an advantage on that. 5. Market-product Focus 5.1. Marketing and product objectives Indigo airlines has identified its target market as official travellers and rest are all the potential first time travellers. The product objective is to increase the market share.. 5.2. Target Market The target market for indigo airlines is as follows:- The travelers who travel through trains and have a pre conceived notion of the airplanes being costly then the trains. Potential customers from the various other airlines which are not happy with the price and the service they get from the respective airlines. The target market demographics for indigo airlines are approximately 60% official travellers and rest 40% includes all types of travellers the metropolitans of India, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai. Not ignoring the fact that the b grade cities also have the potential to yield profit. The consumers are sub divided depending on their age, profession, family size, and language as indigo airlines is a service providing organization and in order to keep the relationship marketing sustainable it is important to understand the demographics of the target market. This segmentation mainly deals with the lifestyles of people there attitudes and there personality. Indigo airlines being an airlines company has to keep in mind the needs of the customers keeping the above mentioned three perspectives as a base to provide good customer service which relates directly to relationship building. The psychographic for indigo airlines are the people who travel through trains in first class and have a annual income of more than 300,000 Indian rupees. 5.3. Market Positioning The position of indigo airlines in the market is very important as at the moment it is one of the best low cost airline carrier in the Indian aviation industry however due to a lot of new entrants and the existence of some old competitors it is still not certain that it can be one of the best in the next coming years as well. Indigo airlines will be positioned as an airline which offers a product that is not compromised upon in terms of quality service and commitment. It will be positioned as a stable airline that will provide the services at a low cost. Market positioning according to me is a how a potential customer perceives a product or a service before actually buying the product or rendering the service indigo airlines has to make the potential customer feel that the service they are about to render from indigo airlines is one of the best and is one of the most economical in its class as affordability is always a matter of discussion when someone plans to travel via a low cost airlines. Marketing MIX Product Line Indigo airlines have considered a service offer which will generate optimistic impression in the fluctuating industry at present. Any product that a firm offers to the customer should be available to the customer when they want it. The product should be different from what the competitor offers, such an offering to the customer will generate curiosity in the industry and the people will be ready to buy it as it is available as per the demand. The best way to achieve such a market height is by offering the best product that the company has with an added value. The firm is selling low cost airline tickets at the moment and has been generating good profit over the years. To increase the market share it is important to retain the current customer by providing added values and offering the same to new customers as well. Mentioned below is the new product line to attract the potential customers in form of a discount voucher which can be used by the customer travelling the next time. . Pricing Indigo airlines products are sold online, on the ticketing counters and through various travel agents. Pricing is one of the most important aspects for any business as it determines the return on investment for the stakeholders. Indigo airlines is a low cost airlines which makes the pricing to be even more complex as compared to its other competitors as there is not much of a margin. As per the new plan that a discount voucher will be given to every new customer lets create a hypothetical equation to understand the pricing of the new product. Total number of flights by indigo airlines-118 in a day Minimum ticket price booked one month advance- INR 3200 Total sitting capacity of A320-148 seats Total number of travelers in a day in full booking-17464 Total income for a single business day-INR 55, 884,800 Lets take number of first time travelers in a day- 5000 Total cost of discount vouchers- INR 16, 00,000 Percentage increase from last time in travelers 21% every month Promotion Indigo airlines have two key objectives in its promotional plan. They are as follows Achieving new product recognition Escalating sales for the business. Promotion of indigo airlines offers will be done through various mediums such as Internet Television Journals Magazines Events In schools and colleges Word of mouth Place For a product to be successful it is very important to identify the right place and the right people. According to the demographic analysis mentioned above (target market) it is very important to attract the target market. Internet is the best tool to do so by increasing marketing opportunities through travel websites from which people usually buy tickets. Posting important updates and dates on such websites can bring in a lot of brand awareness amongst the people who are willing to travel on special offers and prices. The supply chain has to be brilliant indigo airlines is a service provider so supply chain concept does not comes in it, however if implied then the supply chain can be related with the optimum communication between the travel agents and the airlines providing them with the best dates and functionality of the airlines. People The people involved in the business directly and indirectly are very important for indigo airlines as they will be providing a lot of information. Travel agents will be providing direct business to the airlines so a proper channel should be made to identify the strength of travel agents in a particular area. Employees of a firm are its best resource as the human capital increases production and optimum utilization people with high customer services skills should be hired to impress the clientele as indigo is providing customer service. The customer should be given first hand information as to what is the schedule for their flights in case of any delays or complexities. Process The process is related to the service delivery for the customers the best policy about it is to be honest if a flight is delayed give the exact time for the delay and the reason even if indigo airlines has to compromise on price as customer management process should be as transparent as possible to establish loyalty of the customers. 6.7Physical evidence The physical evidence is related to the impression that the customer gets the first time they get in the plane as all the planes bought by indigo airlines are new and the maintenance department works whole heartedly it give an impression of a very clean environment henceforth providing a good physical evidence. 7. Promotion Schedule The completion of Indigo airlines promotional schedule is a significant feature for the success of the product promotion. The implementation of the product promotion package will happen in 4 stages. They are mentioned below Implementation Stages Stage 1- The first time when a traveller buys the ticket from indigo airlines a proper note will be made using the information provided by the customer while booking. A voucher worth 10% discount of the next travelling price will be given to the customer while checking in for the flight by the customer service assistant which will be valid for the next 35 weeks. Stage2- After the traveller has got the voucher he/she can use it only at the indigo airlines website or at the indigo airlines office to availa discount of 10% in there next visit. The staff at the ticket counter will monitor the expiry date and validity of the voucher. 8. Critique of the Marketing Models There are numerous marketing models that have been developed over the years and every model has been criticized for one reason or the other as it has been said nothing is perfect it is true. One marketing model can never satisfied the wants of customers, suppliers, manufacturers and organisations. Let us look at the marketing models that have been taken in the marketing plan to take the marketing decisions. 8.1 Porters Five Forces Porters five forces is a structure for the trade analysis and trade tactic Growth developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. (Kotler 2008) The main weakness of this model is that it was developed in the 80s when the business environment was very simple and predictable and the business competition in many fields was not what it is today. Porters strategies do not ensure superior profit (O Shaughnessy.1988,Speed, 1989, MacDonald, 1992) As this model is a classical model it completely ignores the aspect of technology. Technology in todays time is playing a vital role and if porters five forces are applied it does take into account the power of internet. For an airlines it is very important to reach the customer in their homes which can only be done by the internet. The five forces model does not take into account the e marketing that has evolved after the 1980s and thus has been criticized as a classical model . porters five forces model has a variable called threat of new entrant in this module porter talks about the barriers to be created by the current organisation to prevent any new competition. if close consideration is given to this part then it clearly states that creating a barrier for competition is good but it can also led to some firms joining hand in the market and fixing there prices or there deals so that no one enter the market and therefore creating the monopoly unethically and that is illegal. It ha s happened in the pas lysiene price fixing conspiracy is in the mid 90s was a big news when firms from America, Korea and Japan got together to increase the price of lysiene a sort of animal feed additive (Wikipedia). Which resulted in fines and imprisonment. This clearly states that making plans solely on porters model will not be a good idea. Till the time someone develops a better plan then porter five forces will still be the first choice for the businesses (goett,1999) 8.2. Ansoff Matrix Igor ansoff published an article Strategies for Diversification in the Harvard Business Review and the ansoff matrix was published in it since then it has been really famous as a tool for the managers to develop a strategic growth strategie which can determine the positioning of the firm. It is very good tool but it has to be incorporated with other tools of marketing to achieve substantial resultsas it only can give one part of the strategy(Jeffery. F. rayport,2001)

Fukyama V huntington Essay -- essays research papers

Francis Fukuyama and Samuel Huntington are two of the most controversial and influential modern political theorists of our times. Fukuyama’s book, The End of History and the Last Man, and Huntington’s book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, pose two very conflicting theories on international relations. In this paper I will summarize and compare/contrast the two theories. Both theories, written since the fall of communism and updated since the first gulf war, have been widely read, taught, praised and criticized The End of History and the Last Man is a book in which Francis Fukuyama argues the controversial thesis that the end of history, a time when class distinctions no longer exist, believing them to be the cause of the evolution of everything that has existed in society up in till that point, is among us. "What we may be witnessing in not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government." Fukuyama’s thesis consists of two main elements. Firstly, Fukuyama points out that since the beginning of the nineteenth century democracy is the only intellectual expected system of government. Secondly, Fukuyama sees history as consisting of tension between two classes: the one in control and the one being controlled. Ultimatel...

Precision Guided Munitions :: Weapons Guns Gun Essays Reseach Papers

Precision Guided Munitions During the Persian Gulf War of 1991 a new class of weapons made its debut and presaged a revolution in military affairs. Although precision-guided munitions (PGMs), ranging from laser-guided bombs to Tomahawk cruise missiles, represented only a fraction of the total ordinance used in Iraq, the effect they had was electric. The television footage of a bomb dropped from more than 6 miles above descending onto its target and hitting with absolute precision was at once fascinating and jarring. The Gulf War demonstrated the power that precision aerial attacks possessed. The accuracy and lethality of air launched munitions during the Gulf war was in sharp contrast to the relative crudity of aerial bombing during World War II. In Iraq and later in Kosovo, precision-guided munitions (PGM) demonstrated their capabilities. The US waged a type of warfare in these campaigns that was markedly different from World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The US is still coming to grips with the implications of the new type of warfare it has released. The development of accurate precision-guided munitions was not revolutionary, but an evolutionary process that took the course of half a century. Today most precision-guided munitions can be classified by their guidance or propulsion systems. Precision-guided munitions affect the military in three areas. First precision-guided munitions have challenged time-honored traditions of mass. Second, precision-guided munitions have unique information needs. Finally, the capabilities of precision-guided munitions have significant implications on acquisitions policy. Regardless of whether or not precision-guided munitions are part of a larger revolution in military, the implic ations of precision-guided munitions for the US military are significant. Historical Evolution of Accuracy Ever since man first threw stones at their fellow men, the elusive goal of killing one’s opponent from a distance, with absolute precision has been a holy grail of warfare. Weapons such as bows and arrows, rifles, and artillery, were all designed for increased lethality at longer distances, with less risk to the operator. PGMs provide just that capability; that is the capability to put ordinance on target with precision at long ranges. Precision has always played a role in warfare. Whether it was marksmanship with bow or rifle, the ability to place a projectile on target contributed greatly to victory. PGMs were designed with just that function in mind.

A Proposal to Research the Liquid Remains After Resomation Essay

Resomation is an alternative to cremation that helps the funeral industry and cuts down mercury emissions. The new technique of disposing a corpse is still not welcomed into potential clients mind frame do to the lack of information on the left over liquid once resomation is completed. I propose more research to be done on the liquid left behind and that the data collected to be shared with the general public. The research will be conducted within two years and six months with the result being a press release of our findings. I am asking for 1,388,800 dollars to fund this research and two years and six months to complete the project. With our findings clientele will be more aware of resomation and the components of the liquid that remains after completion. Introduction Cremation accounts for 34.34 percent of all corpse disposal in the United States in 2006 and is expected to rise to 58.85 percent by 2025 (CANA, 2008). Unfortunately, in the process of cremation, there are considerable amounts of mercury emissions into the atmosphere. Approximately 320 pounds of mercury is released by U.S. crematoriums each year (Reindl, 2008). Because of the high levels of mercury dispersed by U.S. crematoriums it is necessary for more research to be done on resomation as an alternative to cremation. This document is proposing more research to be done on resomation’s environmental aspects after the resomation process. This proposal will include the following information. The background on cremation, mercury and resomation will be covered, followed by my qualifications and project description. Background Since the 1870’s cremation has been a means of disposing a human body in the United States. However, cremation only accounted for 5 percent of all dispositions until 1972 when the market started to gain popularity (Davis and Mates, Page 102). As stated in the introduction, in 2006 cremation accounted for 34.34 percent of all dispositions and is expected to increase to 58.85 percent by 2025 (CANA, 2008). With the interest in cremation growing, so is the concern of mercury emissions due to the dental fillings of the deceased during cremation. The dental work has been accounting for approximately 320 pounds of mercury into the atmosphere. The amount of mercury emitted is estimated to rise even higher as more families are choosing cremation (Reindle, 2008). There are many questions regarding how to handle the mercury situation respectfully, safely and environmentally. Resomation is a new technique being used in 6 states in the U.S.(ABC News, 2011). The new process is beneficial to the funeral industry because of its fuel efficiency (Resomation LTD). This new technique can help the funeral industry make more profit along with reducing mercury emissions, that is if potential consumers choose resomation. Resomation still sets potential consumers ill at ease. The potential clientele are still hesitant to use the new method of disposition because of the liquids leftover after the process is finished (NYTimes). Some fear that the liquids are harmful for the environment because there have been few studies on the topic. The problem is potential clientele are reluctant to use resomation for fear that the liquid could be detrimental to the environment and to themselves (TIME). Research needs to be done so that there is more information for the general public about resomation. With this information available potential consumers will choose resomation over cremation. Qualifications I am a junior in the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at Oregon state University, majoring in Human Development and Family Sciences with a minor in Biology. I have taken several classes related to chemical compounds, environmental studies and the human body. These courses will aid me in gathering research along with other scientists on my team. Leadership and organization are traits I posses and have shown in my previous work experiences. In my experience as a funeral directors assistant I was able to converse with families about the reasons they decided to not choose resomation. From my conversations with them I found that the overall concern was due to the liquefying process. Because of this experience in my life I feel like I can understand the concern of the general public. Project Description The purpose of this proposal is to conduct research revolving around the remaining liquid after the resomation process is completed. The results found in the research will give us information on whether the remaining liquid is environmentally safe or unsafe. Objectives In our research I will achieve the following goals: * Determine the exact chemical makeup of the remaining liquid left after resomation has taken place. * Determine if the liquid is environmentally safe. * Complete a press release on the findings. Methodology My plan for achieving the goals discussed in the previous section is by testing the liquid of donated human corpses after resomation has taken place. We plan on using 150 donated corpses to conduct the research study. Once the bodies have been resomated we will collect five samples of the liquid remains to be tested later on in the study. Testing the liquid will be done by using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Mass spectrometry is a technique used for separating and identifying molecules based on mass. This technique will help determine the molecules in the liquid and will be able to identify if any of the deceased DNA is present (Genetics, 2003). Nuclear magnetic resonance is used to determine the structure of new natural and synthetic compounds, the purity of send compounds and its chemical reaction with the other compounds in the solution (Medical Discoveries, 1997). These two tools are able to determine chemical structures so that an accurate description of the liquids makeup can be found. With these instruments at hand we can determine the chemical compounds of the liquid down to its basic chemical elements. Once we have the chemical make-up of the liquid, we will begin to start looking at their reactions to the environment and if it is harmful. When it is determined that the material contained in the liquid is harmful or not harmful, we will begin work on a journal article that states our findings. After the journal article is finished we will create a press release so that our findings can be made known to the media. To respect the families of those who donated their bodies, we wish to return the ashes to them. This will not be a great cost to the project for it is just sending the remains to their family’s homes. Evaluation Tracking the experiments progress will be done by having the scientists and graduate students participating in the study keep journals of their progress each day. This way of tracking will help determine if we are moving at a slower or faster pace than what we are scheduled. Check points throughout the study will also be a way to evaluate our progress. An example of a check point would be to have all the samples of the remaining liquid collected by October of 2012. These check points will help the study stay on track and also give us small goals to achieve throughout the process. Determining if the project is successful or unsuccessful relies on if we can determine the chemicals present in the liquid. The success is not necessarily determined by if the liquids are environmentally safe. Whether our findings say it safe or unsafe we will be learning more about resomation which is a success because little is known about the process. Schedule The set schedule for the entire project is two years and six months, starting January of 2012. I will need seven months to find a location for the project to take place and for the equipment to be installed. Also within those seven months I intend to employ six graduate students and three scientists to work alongside me. After the completion of the seven months we will begin on the process of disposing of the donated bodies and taking samples of the remaining liquid. The course of disposing of the 150 human bodies will be given three months for completion, October of 2012. After all the samples are collected we will begin on using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the chemical compounds of the liquid. This part of the study must be completed by March of 2013. Once the data is collect from the samples we will need two months to determine if the compounds are environmentally friendly, May 2013. By the June of 2013 we will begin work on a journal article and have it completed by July of 2014. After the article is finished we will have a press release on our findings. The press release should be completed by August of 2014 and sent into the public. Budget The budget for this project is broken down as follows. * 400,000 dollars for a resomation chamber (Resomation Ltd.) * 68,800 dollars for a mass spectrometer (Labx) * 20,000 dollars for a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Labx) * 800,000 dollars for employment of workers * 150,000 dollars for facility coverage for two years and six months * 100,000 for lab equipment I need 1,388,800 dollars to complete this project. I will need 538,800 dollars immediately to begin purchasing the equipment and securing a location. The rest of the 850,000 can be given in increments throughout the course of the project. Conclusion More research needs to be done on resomation so that more information is available to potential clientele. With this research I plan to determine the exact chemical makeup of the remaining liquid left after resomation has taken place and its environmental risks. After the project is complete, a press release will be created to inform the general public of our findings. With this association’s involvement in our research we can increase the use of resomation by the potential clientele. Resomation will financially benefit the funeral industry overtime more so than cremation (Rindle, 2008). The process of resomation is more cost effective for the funeral industry than cremation because it uses fewer resources, such as fuel. Not only does resomation help this association, but it also helps cut down on mercury emissions caused by cremation. With your financing of my project, potential clientele will begin to choose resomation over cremation. This new process will be benefitting both the National Funeral Directors Association and the environment. Works Cited â€Å"Aquamation, a Form of Cremation: Better for the Environment? – TIME.† Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews – TIME.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. . â€Å"About CANA.† Cremation Association of North America (CANA). Cremation Association of North America, 2000. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . Davies, Douglas James., and Lewis H. Mates. â€Å"CANA.† Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Print. Klotz, Irene. â€Å"‘Resomation’ Green Alternative to Cremation or Burial After Funeral, to Be Offered in Florida – ABC News.† ABCNews.com: Daily News, Breaking News and Video Broadcasts – ABC News. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. . Konigsberg, Ruth Davis. â€Å"Resomation – NYTimes.com.† The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 13 Dec. 2009. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. . â€Å"NMR Systems, New and Used NMR Spectrometers For Sale.† LabX – New and Used Laboratory Equipment For Sale, Auctions, Wanted. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. . Reindl, John. Summary of References on Mercury Emissions from Crematoria. Tech. 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. . Robinson, Richard. â€Å"Mass Spectrometry.† Genetics. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 . â€Å"The Resomation Process.† Resomation Home. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"X-ray Crystallography.† Medical Discoveries. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 . Bibliography â€Å"About CANA.† Cremation Association of North America (CANA). Cremation Association of North America, 2000. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Age Data.† Census Bureau Home Page. 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Ashes to Ashes: Comparative Law regarding Survivors’ Disputes concerning Cremation and Cremated Remains.† Oregon State University Libraries. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Aquamation, a Form of Cremation: Better for the Environment? – TIME.† Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews – TIME.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. . Davies, Douglas James., and Lewis H. Mates. â€Å"CANA.† Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Print. â€Å"Exit Strategies; Green Funerals.† The Economist (US) 18 Sept. 2010. Print. Klotz, Irene. â€Å"‘Resomation’ Green Alternative to Cremation or Burial After Funeral, to Be Offered in Florida – ABC News.† ABCNews.com: Daily N ews, Breaking News and Video Broadcasts – ABC News. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. .