Short Story - 1118 Words

â€Å"Will they take action?† â€Å"Regina says at least two members of the Wizengamot that she’s aware of have taken the next logical leap from Draco’s research and suggested arranged pairings of young wizards and witches, to increase the odds of producing magical children.† Lucius frowned. It was one thing to suggest intermarriage and diluting their sacred bloodlines with halfbloods or muggleborns but another entirely to require it. â€Å"Who suggested it?† â€Å"Griselda Marchbanks, although Tiberius Ogdon apparently expressed support for it, declaring it preferable to intermarrying with muggles.† â€Å"How seriously are the others taking that?† â€Å"It was met with less ridicule than one would have expected just a year ago.† â€Å"This is indeed interesting†¦show more content†¦His sister-in-law’s mind was already twisted when she was sentenced to Azkaban, and the 12 years she spent there had done her no favors. However, she was still a Black, still Narcissa’s own sister, and a blood traitor gloating about Bellatrix’s death would always send his wife into a quiet rage. He welcomed her fury, for it gave her a reason to hate the Weasleys just as he did. â€Å"Instead she’s as useless as a muggle,† Narcissa continued. â€Å"He apparently threw a fit at St. Mungo’s and demanded the core test be repeated and then tried to blame Pythian for the poor results. Security threw him from the hospital. He made quite the spectacle of himself, even by Weasley standards.† â€Å"So the Weasleys aren’t as perfect in this brave new world as they like to think they are then,† Lucius smirked. â€Å"Hardly.† â€Å"Have they any other grandchildren who’ve been tested?† â€Å"The eldest is married to that part-veela from France, and rumor has it their two children are magical. Potter married the only girl, Ginevra, and apparently their infant son tested positive for a developed magical core.† â€Å"The Prewitts produced a couple of squibs in prior generations,† he pointed out. â€Å"Yes, they did.† â€Å"You know, the talk around the ladies’ teas is that the youngest, Ronald, will marry Miss Granger,† she confessed. Lucius looked affronted at this news. â€Å"Of course, they don’t know that she’s with child and that the babe is likely Draco’s,† Narcissa’s voice trailed off, a hint of smirk onShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

The Appeal of A Written Business Plan

The Appeal of A Written Business Plan Every business plan involves these components that are key elements in earning your small business plan fuller and more effective. Equally important to discuss is technology licensingif you're licensing core technology from somebody else, you will need to disclose that in your organization program and make certain to include particulars of the financial relationship. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About a Written Business Plan Every startup and little company is unique, so you are going to want to prevent copying a sample plan word for word. At the peak of the webpage, right under your enterprise name, include a one-sentence summary of your business that sums up the essence of what you're doing. Be certain to define provide a review of the way the company is owned also. Every business has some sort of competition and it's vital to present a synopsis in your executive summary. The final, most important part of leveraging your enterprise plan for a growth engine is to schedule a month-to-month review. A business program is going to be the very best indicator which can be employed to judge your potential for success. The main value of your company program is going to be to create a written outline that evaluates all elements of the financial viability of your business venture including a description and analysis of your company prospects. An overview of the industry sector that it will be a part of, including industry trends, major players in the industry, and estimated industry sales. The 5-Minute Rule for a Written Business Plan Therefore, if you're thinking at this time about how to compose a business program, sit down and begin answering the questions outlined above. If you want to create a business program and have a question about what's ideal for your small company or organization, don't hesitate to ask an attorney. Your small business program will be beneficial in a range of means. Whether you've writt en a business plan for a new company or for growing your existing company, at this point you have an all-inclusive guide and the info you should help you get started working on the next phase of your business enterprise. The Basic Facts of a Written Business Plan You want every facet of your enterprise plan to impress (particularly if you're using it to request money). One of the main advantages of writing a business program is simply likely to through the approach. Instead, just include a brief statement indicating how much money you will need to raise to receive your company off the ground. While every business has huge advantages to gain from going through the business planning procedure, only a little subset demands the formal small business plan document necessary for seeking investors or supporting an industrial loan. Things You Should Know About a Written Business Plan When you own a plan, it's very simple to keep track all the activities and transactions you have made. Your plan demonstrates how you'll get from here to there. Usually, a business program is longer than a list on a napkin (although, because you'll see below, it's possibleand sometimes idealto write your whole small business plan on a single page). An excellent financial plan goes a very long approach to help determine when to employ new employees or purchase a new bit of equipment. Developing a plan plan doing help you attain your entrepreneurial targets. Your plan will give the roadmap to attain the success you desire. Picking an action plan after a SWOT analysis is a complex process that is particular to every decision in every corporation. Project plans, sometimes called project frameworks, describe the goals of a certain project. The Importance of a Written Business Plan A business program might also be required if you're planning to conduct business overseas. A business program is able to help you identify clear, deliberate next steps for your enterprise, even when you never plan to pitch investorsand it will be able to help you see gaps in your plan till they become issues. It is not meant to be a static document. It is the subject of many satires. Now you know the way to use a sample business plan to assist you compose a plan for your organization, it's time to get the best one. It's important to get a personal small business plan when you're planning to keep document of all of the transactions you have made. A complete small business program must also incorporate a set of financial projections for the organization. External small business plans, the formal small business plan documents, are intended to be read by outsiders to give details about an organization. Every company is solving an issue for its clients and filling a need in the marketplace. The very first part of your promotion program will cover how you're positioning your business and your products or services offering. Your business plan should incorporate a summary of the sorts of advertising you want to shell out money on. For product businesses, a distribution program is a significant part of the entire business program.

A Child With Adult Consequences Essay - 1688 Words

A Child With Adult Consequences Adults are held accountable for their actions and expected to abide by the laws and if they do not there are consequences to follow. Some punishments can be as little as a monetary fine, or as detrimental as life imprisonment. Today, some children face these exact consequences depending on their actions. Certain children are held accountable for their actions and punished as adults in an adult courtroom depending on the offense and the jurisdiction. According to Youth Justice (2012), â€Å"On any given day, approximately 2,700 young people are locked up in adult prisons† (p. 4). This is hard to understand, because the United States has a juvenile justice system that is centered on rehabilitation and reforming youth into law-abiding citizens. Youth Justice (2012) also claimed, â€Å"On any given night in America 10,000 children are held in adults jails and prisons† (p. 3). Currently, all states participate in serving justice to juveniles even though it is extremely diffi cult. Even though all states have a juvenile justice system in place, they are still able to send children to an adult courtroom to be charged and punished as an adult, otherwise known as the term â€Å"waived.† Children should not be held to the same standards as adults, there is no formal goal or point in punishing a child as an adult, and lastly, juvenile delinquents deserve the most effective treatment and rehabilitation measures available, which is unlikely in the adult criminal justiceShow MoreRelatedThe Juvenile Court : An Adult Offender991 Words   |  4 Pagesrehabilitated than an adult offender. However, in the past years juvenile are committing more violent crimes that suggest they should be tried in criminal courts rather than juvenile courts. It is my belief that if a child under the age of 18 commits a violent crime they should be charged as an adult offender. Certain criteria should be established when charging a juvenile as an adult; at what age should a chil d know right from wrong, the type of crime a child has committed, and if the child is a repeat offenderRead MorePrison for Minors 1372 Words   |  6 Pageseighteen do not fully comprehend the consequences of their actions, exposure to violence as a child influences their actions, and they are not legal adults and should not be held liable for adult consequences. The teenage brain is like a car with a good accelerator but a weak brake. With powerful impulses under poor control, the likely result is a crash.† (Ritter). An adolescent does not have complete power over their impulses, unlike fully developed adults. â€Å"The frontal lobe includes the prefrontalRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Abuse On Children Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are individuals who act on horrible inexplicable instincts such as molesting a child or even to the point of sexually abusing a child. We as a society are constantly bombarded with reports of extreme sexual abuse cases of children and even infants. When we read or see a report of sexual abuse in the news the first thing that comes to mind is, what sick individual would think to do that to such an innocent child. More often than not the culprit ends up being an individual that fits the profileRead MoreJuveniles Being Tried as Adults1328 Words   |  6 Pagesteenager being tried as an adult has been a very controversial issue. When a juvenile commits a very heinous crime, many believe that that youth deserves to be tried as an adult, and given a full sentence. Some even believe that these juveniles deserve to go to adult prison. When a child kills, does he instantly become an adult? Or does he maintain some trappings of childhood, despite the gravity of his actions? (Reaves Para 1). What draws the line between a juvenile and adult crime? Sentencing shouldntRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1494 Words   |  6 Pages Juveniles should not be tried as adults because it is proven that children are incapable of making a rational, mature decision on their own. Adolescents have a shorter experience in the world, their brains are still developing, they do not have the same responsibilities or rights as adults and they are easily influenced at this age. Let s say a child around the age of twelve is playing with two other friends at his house. His mother and father both work constantly so these children are alone.Read MoreTrying Juveniles as Adults1404 Words   |  6 Pagesit comes to trying juveniles as adults, it is a strong issue to follow through, but it has been a controversial topic to the public. This topic is a controversial topic even considering that there are numerous arguments to put forth on both sides. There will be stated pros and cons of each side and articles to back up the arguments. Juveniles are defined as children who fall under the age of 18, depending on the state. Even though, som e juveniles are tried as adults despite their under age. In thisRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem1037 Words   |  5 Pagesyourself being afraid to go home because of what awaits. Child abuse is a worldwide problem and it doesn’t matter what age, religion, gender, or ethnicity you are, it happens everywhere. It is neglecting, emotional, physical, and sexual maltreatment. Child abuse has serious physical and psychological consequences which affect the health and overall well-being of a child. There are different forms of maltreatment, abuse can result in bad consequences, check for signs of abuse, the statistics, and how peopleRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 Pagesyears there has been an increase of juvenile cases being transferred into the adult court system. This paper will also look at that process and the consequences of that trend. History and Evolution In the early nineteenth century juveniles were treated the same as adults when it came to the legal system. We did not have separate courts or jails for juveniles and they would often receive the same punishments as adults that had committed crimes. â€Å"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, delinquentRead MoreEssay On Corporal Punishment880 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment, or the act of hitting a child as punishment, has been a topic of debate for many decades now and even though media and most of the country frown upon it, it is still legal in all 50 states. So why is Corporal Punishment still legal? Well, According to the Massachusetts Supreme judicial court, as long as the hitting is â€Å"light†, meant to safeguard the child’s well being, and causes no harm, then its deemed acceptable. While many parents have accepted this outcome that does notRead MorePros and Cons of Spanking996 Words   |  4 Pageshas been discussed. One aspect of disciplin e has been shoved into the dark, the effect on the child. No matter how much it is spoken of children remember what happened to them in their childhood. Whether they were pleasant or not can lead to problems later in life. One debate that shall soon be settled deals with the spanking of children. Some will agree that there is nothing wrong with spanking a child, but some argue that it is wrong. There have been countless arguments over it leading to extreme

The Iran Iraq War free essay sample

World History: Mr. Ricky Waldon| Iran – Iraq War | Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) The Iran-Iraq War permanently altered the course of Iraqi history. It strained Iraqi political and social life, and led to severe economic dislocations. Viewed from a historical perspective, the outbreak of hostilities in 1980 was, in part, just another phase of the ancient Persian-Arab conflict that had been fueled by twentieth-century border disputes. Many observers, however, believe that Saddam Husseins decision to invade Iran was a personal miscalculation based on ambition and a sense of vulnerability. Saddam Hussein, despite having made significant strides in forging an Iraqi nation-state, feared that Irans new revolutionary leadership would threaten Iraqs delicate SunniShia balance and would exploit Iraqs geostrategic vulnerabilitiesIraqs minimal access to the Persian Gulf, for example. In this respect, Saddam Husseins decision to invade Iran has historical precedent; the ancient rulers of Mesopotamia, fearing internal strife and foreign conquest, also engaged in frequent battles with the peoples of the highlands. The Iran-Iraq War was multifaceted and included religious schisms, border disputes, and political differences. Conflicts contributing to the outbreak of hostilities ranged from centuries-old Sunni-versus-Shia and Arab-versus-Persian religious and ethnic disputes, to a personal animosity between Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini. Above all, Iraq launched the war in an effort to consolidate its rising power in the Arab world and to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Phebe Marr, a noted analyst of Iraqi affairs, stated that the war was more immediately the result of poor political judgement and miscalculation on the part of Saddam Hussein, and the decision to invade, taken at a moment of Iranian weakness, was Saddams. Iraq claimed territories inhabited by Arabs (the Southwestern oil-producing province of Iran called Khouzestan), as well as Iraqs right over Shatt el-Arab (Arvandroud). Iraq and Iran had engaged in border clashes for many years and had revived the dormant Shatt al Arab waterway dispute in 1979. Iraq claimed the 200-kilometer channel up to the Iranian shore as its territory, while Iran insisted that the thalwega line running down the middle of the waterwaynegotiated last in 1975, was the official border. The Iraqis, especially the Baath leadership, regarded the 1975 treaty as merely a truce, not a definitive settlement. The Iraqis also perceived revolutionary Irans Islamic agenda as threatening to their pan-Arabism. Khomeini, bitter over his expulsion from Iraq in 1977 after fifteen years in An Najaf, vowed to avenge Shia victims of Baathist repression. Baghdad became more confident, however, as it watched the once invincible Imperial Iranian Army disintegrate, as most of its highest ranking officers were executed. In Khuzestan (Arabistan to the Iraqis), Iraqi intelligence officers incited riots over labor disputes, and in the Kurdish region, a new rebellion caused the Khomeini government severe troubles. As the Baathists planned their military campaign, they had every reason to be confident. Not only did the Iranians lack cohesive leadership, but the Iranian armed forces, according to Iraqi intelligence estimates, also lacked spare parts for their American-made equipment. Baghdad, on the other hand, possessed fully equipped and trained forces. Morale was running high. Against Irans armed forces, including the Pasdaran (Revolutionary Guard) troops, led by religious mullahs with little or no military experience, the Iraqis could muster twelve complete mechanized divisions, equipped with the latest Soviet materiel. With the Iraqi military buildup in the late 1970s, Saddam Hussein had assembled an army of 190,000 men, augmented by 2,200 tanks and 450 aircraft. In addition, the area across the Shatt al Arab posed no major obstacles, particularly for an army equipped with Soviet river-crossing equipment. Iraqi commanders correctly assumed that crossing sites on the Khardeh and Karun rivers were lightly defended against their mechanized armor divisions; moreover, Iraqi intelligence sources reported that Iranian forces in Khuzestan, which had formerly included two divisions distributed among Ahvaz, Dezful, and Abadan, now consisted of only a number of ill-equipped battalion-sized formations. Tehran was further disadvantaged because the area was controlled by the Regional 1st Corps headquartered at Bakhtaran (formerly Kermanshah), whereas operational control was directed from the capital. In the year following the shahs overthrow, only a handful of company-sized tank units had been operative, and the rest of the armored equipment had been poorly maintained. For Iraqi planners, the only uncertainty was the fighting ability of the Iranian air force, equipped with some of the most sophisticated American-made aircraft. Despite the execution of key air force commanders and pilots, the Iranian air force had displayed its might during local riots and demonstrations. The air force was also active in the wake of the failed United States attempt to rescue American hostages in April 1980. This show of force had impressed Iraqi decision makers to such an extent that they decided to launch a massive preemptive air strike on Iranian air bases in an effort similar to the one that Israel employed during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82 Despite the Iraqi governments concern, the eruption of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran did not immediately destroy the Iraqi-Iranian rapprochement that had prevailed since the 1975 Algiers Agreement. As a sign of Iraqs desire to maintain good relations with the new government in Tehran, President Bakr sent a personal message to Khomeini offering his best wishes for the friendly Iranian people on the occasion of the establishment of the Islamic Republic. In addition, as late as the end of August 1979, Iraqi authorities extended an invitation to Mehdi Bazargan, the first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to visit Iraq with the aim of improving bilateral relations. The fall of the moderate Bazargan government in late 1979, however, and the rise of Islamic militants preaching an expansionist foreign policy soured Iraqi-Iranian relations. The principal events that touched off the rapid deterioration in relations occurred during the spring of 1980. In April the Iranian-supported Ad Dawah attempted to assassinate Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz. Shortly after the failed grenade attack on Tariq Aziz, Ad Dawah was suspected of attempting to assassinate another Iraqi leader, Minister of Culture and Information Latif Nayyif Jasim. In response, the Iraqis immediately rounded up members and supporters of Ad Dawah and deported to Iran thousands of Shias of Iranian origin. In the summer of 1980, Saddam Hussein ordered the executions of presumed Ad Dawah leader Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Baqr as Sadr and his sister. In September 1980, border skirmishes erupted in the central sector near Qasr-e Shirin, with an exchange of artillery fire by both sides. A few weeks later, Saddam Hussein officially abrogated the 1975 treaty between Iraq and Iran and announced that the Shatt al Arab was returning to Iraqi sovereignty. Iran rejected this action and hostilities escalated as the two sides exchanged bombing raids deep into each others territory, beginning what was to be a protracted and extremely costly war. Baghdad originally planned a quick victory over Tehran. Saddam expected the invasion of the in the Arabic-speaking, oil-rich area of Khuzistan to result in an Arab uprising against Khomeinis fundamentalist Islamic regime. This revolt did not materialize, however, and the Arab minority remained loyal to Tehran. On September 22, 1980, formations of Iraqi MiG-23s and MiG21s attacked Irans air bases at Mehrabad and Doshen-Tappen (both near Tehran), as well as Tabriz, Bakhtaran, Ahvaz, Dezful, Urmia (sometimes cited as Urumiyeh), Hamadan, Sanandaj, and Abadan. Their aim was to destroy the Iranian air force on the grounda lesson learned from the Arab-Israeli June 1967 War. They succeeded in destroying runways and fuel and ammunition depots, but much of Irans aircraft inventory was left intact. Iranian defenses were caught by surprise, but the Iraqi raids failed because Iranian jets were protected in specially strengthened hangars and because bombs designed to destroy runways did not totally incapacitate Irans very large airfields. Within hours, Iranian F-4 Phantoms took off from the same bases, successfully attacked strategically important targets close to major Iraqi cities, and returned home with very few losses. Simultaneously, six Iraqi army divisions entered Iran on three fronts in an initially successful surprise attack, where they drove as far as eight kilometers inland and occupied 1,000 square kilometers of Iranian territory. As a diversionary move on the northern front, an Iraqi mechanized mountain infantry division overwhelmed the border garrison at Qasr-e Shirin, a border town in Bakhtaran (formerly known as Kermanshahan) Province, and occupied territory thirty kilometers eastward to the base of the Zagros Mountains. This area was strategically significant because the main Baghdad-Tehran highway traversed it. On the central front, Iraqi forces captured Mehran, on the western plain of the Zagros Mountains in Ilam Province, and pushed eastward to the mountain base. Mehran occupied an important position on the major north-south road, close to the border on the Iranian side. The main thrust of the attack was in the south, where five armored and mechanized divisions invaded Khuzestan on two axes, one crossing over the Shatt al Arab near Basra, which led to the siege and eventual occupation of Khorramshahr, and the second heading for Susangerd, which had Ahvaz, the major military base in Khuzestan, as its objective. Iraqi armored units easily crossed the Shatt al Arab waterway and entered the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Dehloran and several other towns were targeted and were rapidly occupied to prevent reinforcement from Bakhtaran and from Tehran. By mid-October, a full division advanced through Khuzestan headed for Khorramshahr and Abadan and the strategic oil fields nearby. Other divisions headed toward Ahvaz, the provincial capital and site of an air base. Supported by heavy artillery fire, the troops made a rapid and significant advancealmost eighty kilometers in the first few days. In the battle for Dezful in Khuzestan, where a major air base is located, the local Iranian army commander requested air support in order to avoid a defeat. President Bani Sadr, therefore, authorized the release from jail of many pilots, some of whom were suspected of still being loyal to the shah. With the increased use of the Iranian air force, the Iraqi progress was somewhat curtailed. The last major Iraqi territorial gain took place in early November 1980. On November 3, Iraqi forces reached Abadan but were repulsed by a Pasdaran unit. Even though they surrounded Abadan on three sides and occupied a portion of the city, the Iraqis could not overcome the stiff resistance; sections of the city still under Iranian control were resupplied by boat at night. On November 10, Iraq captured Khorramshahr after a bloody house-to-house fight. The price of this victory was high for both sides, approximately 6,000 casualties for Iraq and even more for Iran. Iraqs blitz-like assaults against scattered and demoralized Iranian forces led many observers to think that Baghdad would win the war within a matter of weeks. Indeed, Iraqi troops did capture the Shatt al Arab and did seize a forty-eight-kilometer- wide strip of Iranian territory. Iran may have prevented a quick Iraqi victory by a rapid mobilization of volunteers and deployment of loyal Pasdaran forces to the front. Besides enlisting the Iranian pilots, the new revolutionary regime also recalled veterans of the old imperial army, although many experienced officers, most of whom had been trained in the United States, had been purged. Furthermore, the Pasdaran and Basij (what Khomeini called the Army of Twenty Million or Peoples Militia) recruited at least 100,000 volunteers. Approximately 200,000 soldiers were sent to the front by the end of November 1980. They were ideologically committed troops (some members even carried their own shrouds to the front in the expectation of martyrdom) that fought bravely despite inadequate armor support. For example, on November 7 commando units played a significant role, with the navy and air force, in an assault on Iraqi oil export terminals at Mina al Bakr and Al Faw. Iran hoped to diminish Iraqs financial resources by reducing its oil revenues. Iran also attacked the northern pipeline in the early days of the war and persuaded Syria to close the Iraqi pipeline that crossed its territory. Irans resistance at the outset of the Iraqi invasion was unexpectedly strong, but it was neither well organized nor equally successful on all fronts. Iraq easily advanced in the northern and central sections and crushed the Pasdarans scattered resistance there. Iraqi troops, however, faced untiring resistance in Khuzestan. President Saddam Hussein of Iraq may have thought that the approximately 3 million Arabs of Khuzestan would join the Iraqis against Tehran. Instead, many allied with Irans regular and irregular armed forces and fought in the battles at Dezful, Khorramshahr, and Abadan. Soon after capturing Khorramshahr, the Iraqi troops lost their initiative and began to dig in along their line of advance. Tehran rejected a settlement offer and held the line against the militarily superior Iraqiforce. It refused to accept defeat, and slowly began a series of counteroffensives in January 1981. Both the volunteers and the regular armed forces were eager to fight, the latter seeing an opportunity to regain prestige lost because of their association with the shahs regime. Irans first major counterattack failed, however, for political and military reasons. President Bani Sadr was engaged in a power struggle with key religious figures and eager to gain political support among the armed forces by direct involvement in military operations. Lacking military expertise, he initiated a premature attack by three regular armored regiments without the assistance of the Pasdaran units. He also failed to take into account that the ground near Susangerd, muddied by the preceding rainy season, would make resupply difficult. As a result of his tactical decision making, the Iranian forces were surrounded on three sides. In a long exchange of fire, many Iranian armored vehicles were destroyed or had to be abandoned because they were either stuck in the mud or needed minor repairs. Fortunately for Iran, however, the Iraqi forces failed to follow up with another attack. Iran stopped Iraqi forces on the Karun River and, with limited military stocks, unveiled its human wave assaults, which used thousands of Basij (Popular Mobilization Army or Peoples Army) volunteers.

Responding to Kohn Why incentive plans can work Essay Example

Responding to Kohn Why incentive plans can work Paper Even if people were principally concerned with their salaries there is no firm basis for the assumption that paying people more will encourage them to do better work or even in the long run, more work. This is the underlying theme of Alfie Kohns arguments in why incentive plans cannot work where Kohn argues of the failure of the behaviorist model of motivation which underlies agency theory and particularly the contracting relationships between the principal (shareholders in the case of public quoted companies) and the agent (the board of directors). This challenge to the legitimacy of the commonly held belief in the power of incentives to motivate individuals to a course of action that is mutually beneficial to the contracting parties is an indirect attack on the agency model and the nature of the contracting relationship. Kohn delves into the nature of work motivation and the notions of intrinsic motivation versus extrinsic motivation and he argues that extrinsic motivators do not create an enduring commitment to any value or action but rather rewards buy only temporary compliance. He goes onto argue that this may in fact be detrimental to organisational success as rewards only motivate people to seek greater rewards while important attributes of successful managers such as creativity and risk taking are replaced by simplicity and predictability in actions. The reward becomes an end in itself and the motivation is there for earnings and performance management to be carried out, especially due to the fact that the directors are privy to information which the shareholders (principal) will only know if the directors choose to truthfully reveal it. We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Kohn Why incentive plans can work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Kohn Why incentive plans can work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Kohn Why incentive plans can work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This paper appears to be highly selective in its selection of examples to demonstrate the failure of motivation theories. Kohn looked at the response of a group of welders at a Midwestern manufacturing company to the removal of financial incentives and came to the conclusion that financial incentives diminished productivity as productivity was seen to increase in the aftermath of the removal of the incentive scheme. Unfortunately, Kohn appears all too easily to rule out the simplest of explanations, that this ineffectiveness of the incentive scheme may have been due to ineffectual implementation. For example, an investigation into the introduction of the first performance related pay scheme at the Inland Revenue by LSE researchers found that the system failed to improve performance and rid inefficiencies at the organisation and arrived at the conclusion that the incentive scheme had in fact slightly reduced performance for some individuals and this was due to a lack of belief in the equity of the reward scheme together with a lack of understanding as to how rewards were allocated/ awarded. Thus we can see that by looking at two similar results we can arrive at two very different explanations and there may in fact be nothing wrong with the underlying basis of incentive systems but merely inappropriate implementation for the particular setting (something which Kohn underplays). No artificial incentive can ever match the power of intrinsic motivation. People who do exceptional work may be glad to be paid and even more glad to be paid well, but they do not work to collect a pay cheque. They work because they love what they do. Although this may be true to some extent in that intrinsically motivating jobs require less compensation than intrinsically less motivating jobs1, people nonetheless require a wage. Nursing is arguably one of the most intrinsically motivating professions yet nursing in the UK is in crisis due to a shortage of qualified personnel who have left the profession due to their poor earnings capability (nursing fails to satisfy the individual rationality constraint). However, the result of pay increases in the sector has been to increase the number of nurses prepared to rejoin the profession. Thus it appears that interest in a job is simply not enough to attain good performance or even participation in the profession if the individuals rationality constraint is not satisfied. However, not everyone gets to do their dream job, so what about the many individuals pursuing less agreeable careers. It seems that extrinsic motivation in the form of rewards can be crucial to ensuring that optimal performance is provided. There is an argument for designing jobs so that people are given more responsibility, less monotony and the opportunity to express creativity, thereby ensuring greater enjoyment of the task. There have been numerous empirical studies that have investigated employee and/ or firm behaviour pre- and post-adoption of a compensation plan and many have illustrated considerable evidence of positive behaviour in response to the introduction of incentives. For example, Lazear (1996) found that the output of workers installing automobile windshields increased after a switch from hourly wages to piece rates. Similarly, Banker et al (1996) found that sales increased after a sales-based performance plan was implemented at a retail establishment and the effect persisted over time. This seems to put a dent into Kohns argument of the temporary nature of the compliance that results from extrinsic motivation offered by incentives. Kohn argues that once the rewards run out, people revert to their old behaviours but this is not at odds with agency theory. If we view the agency relationship as a contractual relationship among individuals who are rational, evaluative utility maximisers, we would expect the contractual parties to take actions to maximise on their own behalf. Thus the basic agency model seeks to tie the agents behaviour to what would be good for the principal by the use of a reward which induces the agent to behave as if he were maximising the principals welfare (the incentive compatibility constraint). The agency model expects the agent to act rationally and behave less than optimally from the principals perspective on the removal of the reward (i. e. at the end of the contract). At the end of the contract, we would expect a new contract to be issued which would again seek to ensure that the agent maximise on the principals behalf by offering a contract that rewards the agent taking into account what the agent could receive elsewhere as well as satisfying the incentive compatibility constraint.

Good-Bye Mr. Chips Essays

Good-Bye Mr. Chips Essays Good-Bye Mr. Chips Paper Good-Bye Mr. Chips Paper Title: Good-bye Mr. Chips Author: James Hilton Point of View: 1st person Setting in time and place: At Mrs. Wickett’s house across the street from the school Main Characters: Mr. Chips- Mr. Chips is the main character of the book. He has devoted his life to teaching children at Brookfield until he died. Katherine Bridges- A younger woman Mr. Chips meets while on vacation. She later marry’s Mr. Chips and soon dies afterwards. Plot Summary: This book is about a man named Mr. Chips. It opens up with him talking about how when â€Å"you are getting on in years† you start to get very sleepy. Mr. Chips is a school teacher. He has been teaching at the Brookfield school for many years. He has even taught generations of children and their families. He lives at Mrs. Wikett’s house just across the street from the school. His dream was to get a headship or senior mastership in a really first class school. But he then realized he didn’t have the qualifications for it. Mr. Chips always liked to have the boys from his school come over his house and have tea while getting to know them better. In the spring of 1896 he was forty-eight and went on vacation with his friend Rowden. : While on their vacation Rowden was suddenly called away on family business, so Mr. Chips was then left there alone. While climbing on Great Gable he saw a woman waving from a cliff that looked quite dangerous so he thought she was in trouble and attempted to go help her but instead he accidentally hurt himself. The woman wasn’t in danger she was just being friendly, so now she went to go help Mr. Chips instead. They began to know each other a bit better. Her name was Katherine Bridges; she was twenty-five, young enough to be Chips daughter. At first she thought of him as old quiet and serious. Then after a while her mind changed, and they both soon started to like each other and got married in London. She made him into a whole new person! He became more adventurous, popular, and gained sureness. Then on April fools, of 1898 Katherine died! Later on in the book we meet a guy named Ralston, he is the new head of the school. Ralston really doesn’t like Chips and keeps forcing him to resign. Chips does not want to resign and nobody else wants him to either so he stays. In 1911 Ralston left to better himself. During the year of 1913 Chips had bronchitis and was forced to resign since he already had missed almost the whole year of school. He has been there for forty-two years! Then a few years later, they want him back so he starts teaching there again! On November 11, 1918 Chips was in bed with bronchitis, as a result of this he had to resign again for the second time. Even though he never had any children, he felt as if all his students were his own. Over fifteen years later Chips died; â€Å"Brookfield will never forget his lovableness. † Conflict: The conflict of this story is about Mr. Chips and how he gets older and older throughout the book.

About the Balfour Declaration of 1917

About the Balfour Declaration of 1917 The Balfour Declaration was a November 2, 1917 letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild that made public the British support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration led the League of Nations to entrust the United Kingdom with the Palestine Mandate in 1922. Background The Balfour Declaration was a product of years of careful negotiation. After centuries of living in a diaspora, the 1894 Dreyfus Affair in France shocked Jews into realizing they would not be safe from arbitrary antisemitism unless they had their own country. In response, Jews created the new concept of political Zionism in which it was believed that through active political maneuvering, a Jewish homeland could be created. Zionism was becoming a popular concept by the time World War I began. World War I and Chaim Weizmann During World War I, Great Britain needed help. Since Germany (Britains enemy during WWI) had cornered the production of acetone- an important ingredient for arms production- Great Britain may have lost the war if Chaim Weizmann had not invented a fermentation process that allowed the British to manufacture their own liquid acetone. It was this fermentation process that brought Weizmann to the attention of David Lloyd George (Minister of Ammunitions) and Arthur James Balfour (previously the Prime Minister but at this time the First Lord of the Admiralty). Chaim Weizmann was not just a scientist; he was also the leader of the Zionist Movement. Diplomacy Weizmanns contact with Lloyd George and Balfour continued, even after Lloyd George became prime minister and Balfour was transferred to the Foreign Office in 1916. Additional Zionist leaders such as Nahum Sokolow also pressured Great Britain to support a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Although Balfour, himself, was in favor of a Jewish state, Great Britain particularly favored the declaration as an act of policy. Britain wanted the United States to join World War I and the British hoped that by supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine, the world Jewish community would be able to sway the U.S. to join the war. Announcing the Balfour Declaration Though the Balfour Declaration went through several drafts, the final version was issued on November 2, 1917, in a letter from Balfour to Lord Rothschild, president of the British Zionist Federation. The main body of the letter quoted the decision of the October 31, 1917, British Cabinet meeting. This declaration was accepted by the League of Nations on July 24, 1922, and embodied in the mandate that gave Great Britain temporary administrative control of Palestine. The White Paper In 1939, Great Britain reneged on the Balfour Declaration by issuing the White Paper, which stated that creating a Jewish state was no longer a British policy. It was also Great Britains change in policy toward Palestine, especially the White Paper, that prevented millions of European Jews to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe to Palestine before and during the Holocaust. The Balfour Declaration Foreign OfficeNovember 2nd, 1917Dear Lord Rothschild,I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majestys Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.Yours sincerely,Arthur James Balfour